ASEPSIS

1. ASEPSIS Six Components in the infectious cycle

2. Infectious Agent • Bacteria • Categorized acc to shape • Spherical (cocci) • Rod shaped (bacilli) • Corkscrew (spirochetes) • Gram Positive-thick wall that resists decolonization and are stained violet • Gram Negative chemically more complex cell walls and can be decolonized by alcohol • Important in determining antibiotics

3. Antibiotics are either… • Effective against only gram positive organisms or • Broad spectrum and can be effective with a # of microorganisms

4. Bacteria • Aerobic: require O2 to live and grow • Anaerobic can live without O2

5. VIRUS • Smallest of all organisms • Causes many infections including AIDS, and the common cold

6. FUNGI • Plant like organism (mold and yeast) that can also cause infection. • Present in soil, air and water. • Many are resistant to TX

7. Organisms • Potential to cause disease depends on • # or organism • Virulence of the organism • Competence of persons immune system • Length of intimacy of the contact • Normal flora – microorganism that commonly inhabits various body sites • Opportunistic – Bacteria that may potentially be harmful Escherichia coli stool not in urine

8. RESEVOIR • The natural habitat of the organism=m • Possible reservoir – human, animals, food , water, mile, inanimate objects • Example.. • Humans –HIV • Animals – rabies • Soil – gas gangrene, tetanus

9. PORTAL OF EXIT • The exit from the reservoir. • Point of escape for the organism • Example – respiratory tract, GI, GU, Skin breaks, blood, tissue

10. MEANS OF TRANMISSION • DIRECT CONTACT • INDIRECT CONTACT • VEHICLES-BLOOD, FOOD, WATER, INANIMATE OBJECTS • VECTORS – NON HUMAN- MOSQUITOS, TICKS • AIRBORNE ROUTE- BY NUCLEI-COUGHING, SNEEZING

11. PORTAL OF ENTRY • May be the same as the portal of exit from the prior reservoir • Point where it enters the host

12. SUSEPTIBLE HOST • ACCEPTS THE ORGANISM • SUSCEPTIBILITY – HOW SUSCEPTIBLE IS THE HOST TO THE ORGANISM

13. Stages of Infections • Incubation-the interval between the invasion of the body by the pathogen & the appearance of S/S • Prodromal Stage – most infectious – early S/S of the disease but are vague and non specific • Full Stage Illness – the presence of specific S/S • Convalescent Period – recovery for the infection S/S disappear

14. Body’s Defense Against Infection • Inflammatory Response-protective mechanism that eliminates the invading pathogen • Immune response-involves specific reaction in the body as it responds to an invading foreign protein • antigen-foreign material body initiate s an immune response • Antibody-body produces antibody in response to antigen

15. Factors that affect the risk of infection • Intact skin and mucous membranes • Normal ph of gastric and GU • WBC • Age, sex, hereditary factors • Immunization • Fatigue • Nutrition • Preexisting illnesses • Previous or current TX • Stress • Invasive devices

16. Assessing • Immunization status • Previous or recurring infections • Nonverbal cues • Hx of current disease process • labs

17. Diagnosing • High risk for infection • Social Isolation • Altered oral mucous membrane

18. Planning • Expected Outcomes

19. Implementing • Medical Asepsis- clean technique-reduces the # of pathogens • Surgical Asepsis – Sterile technique – practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from organisms • Breaking the chain of infection is the nurses responsibility

20. Preventing Nosocomial Infections • Nosocomial – hospital acquired • Exogenous infections –causative organism is acquired from other people • Endogenous infections – the causative organism comes form microbial life the person himself harbors • Iatrogenic – occurs as a result of a TX or diagnostic procedure. • Most hospital acquired infection from bacteria • E-coli, staph aureus, strep

21. Strategies to protect the patient • Infection control committees • Written infection prevention practices • Hand washing • Healthy lifestyles

22. Hand washing • 2 types of bacteria on hands • Transient bacteria • Resident bacteria

23. Cleaning Agents • Antiseptic – inhibits the growth of bacteria • Antibacterial – kill bacteria or suppresses their growth AKA -antimicrobial

24. Sterilization and Disinfection • Disinfection – destroys all pathogenic organism except spore • Sterilization – The process by which all microorganisms including spores are destroyed

25. Factors in Selecting Method • Nature of Organism • Number • Type of equipment • Intended use of equipment • Available means of sterilization

26. Universal Precautions • Recommended HCW’s to use gloves, gowns, mask, and protective eyewear when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely and to consider that all clients might be potentially infected. • Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and possibly breast mil, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid.

27. Do not include • Feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus, unless they contain visible blood

28. OSHA • Guidelines establishes minimum health safety standards for workers • 1991 issued regulations for use of universal precautions in all situations and settings in which occupational exposures to blood and other potentially infectious material made violations punishable with severe fines. • Requires employers to offer HBV vaccines free of charge

29. Body Substance Precautions • This is an extension • Considers all body fluids potentially infected • Stop sign alert

30. Current CDC recommendations • Standard precautions – precautions used in the care of all hospitalized persons. Applies to blood, all body fluids, secretions and excretions except sweat, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes • Transmission based precautions – precautions used in addition to standard precautions for clients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne droplet or contact routes

31. Meeting Patient Needs • Sensory Deprivation • Loss of self esteem