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BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

BASIC CELL BIOLOGY. I CHEMISTRY of LIFE. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM. Information Turnover Energy Supply Metabolic Pathways; the Turnover of Materials Basic Properties of the Enzymes. Lecture 6. METABOLISM.

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BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

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  1. BASIC CELL BIOLOGY I CHEMISTRY of LIFE BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM

  2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE METABOLISM • Information Turnover • Energy Supply • Metabolic Pathways; the Turnover of Materials • Basic Properties of the Enzymes

  3. Lecture 6 METABOLISM THE TOTALITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE CELL Information turnover –continuation, use and transfer of the hereditary information Energy supply – production of energy for the chemical reactions in the cell Turnover of the materials - biosynthesis and degradation of macromolecules, their constituents and other substances in the cell

  4. Lecture 6 INFORMATION TURNOVER DNA RNA Protein

  5. Lecture 6 METABOLISM AND GROWTH Nutritional substances (construction materials) Junk Energy Additional components Processed products CELL Cell components SECONDARY METABOLISM Nutritional substances (fuel) Trash BASIC (PRIMARY) METABOLISM

  6. Lecture 6 Energy supply ENERGY IS SUPPLIED TO THE MOST CELLS BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS - OXIDATION FOR THE PLANTS AND SEVERAL MICROORGANISM SPECIES THE SOURCE OF ENERGY MAY BE LIGHT

  7. Lecture 6 Energy supply REDOX REACTIONS OXIDATION – H3C-OH OCH-OH Oxidation ~ combustion (release of energy) Oxidisers are the elements (molecules, atoms), which take away the electrons. Oxidisers get reduced.

  8. Lecture 6 Energy supply REDOX REACTIONS REDUCTION – Reduction needs the energy Reducers are the elements (molecules, compounds), which donate electrons to other elements (molecules, compounds). Reducers get oxidised.

  9. Lecture 6 Energy supply COMPLEX REDUCED COMPOUNDS (glucose) ADP ATP ENERGY CATABOLISM ANABOLISM SIMPLE OXIDISED COMPOUNDS (CO2; H2O)

  10. Lecture 6 Energy supply C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O H - C - OH C=O + 2H Transmitter O=O CO2 + H2O

  11. Lecture 6 Energy supply

  12. Lecture 6 Energy supply The electron transport chain in the membrane gradually decreases the energy of the electron and finally adds it to the final acceptor

  13. Lecture 6 TURNOVER OF ENERGY NAD+ +2H -2H++e- NADH+H+

  14. Lecture 6 Energy supply The electron transport chain in the membrane gradually decreases the energy of the electron and finally adds it to the final acceptor

  15. Lecture 6 CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORY (P.Mitchell) Electrons release energy gradually Energy supply Electrons from NADH H+ H+ H+ H+ H H+ H+ H+ + H+ 1/2 O2 + 2H+ H+ H+ CYTOPLASM OUTERMEMBRANE SPACE H2O H+ H+ ADP + Pi ATP MEMBRANE

  16. Lecture 6 Energy supply

  17. Lecture 6 Biosythesis and degradation of the macromolecules and other chemical compounds in the cell occurs in the result of elementary chemical reactions, which are catalysed by special proteins - enzymes.

  18. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes are substrate specific. The specificity is determined by the structure of the active site

  19. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes are biocatalists, they do not change in the result of the reaction

  20. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes FRUCTOSE LACTOSE The enzymes are substrate specific.

  21. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes do not supply energy to the reactions they catalyse

  22. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes help to optimise the positioning of substrates

  23. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes increase the frequency of collisions between the substrates

  24. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes place the reacting bond in optimal neighbourhood of charged groups

  25. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction

  26. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymesC The enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction

  27. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymes are specialised for particular chemical reactions One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  28. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  29. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  30. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes One enzyme catalyses only one, elementary chemical exchange

  31. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The enzymatic reactions are reversible K1 K2 S + E SE E + P

  32. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed

  33. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed

  34. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed : allosteric regulation Allosteric site Active site INACTIVE ACTIVE

  35. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes The activity of the enzymes is lost if the structure of the enzyme molecule is changed : allosteric regulation Substrate Allosteric inhibitor Allosteric activator ACTIVE ACTIVE INACTIVE

  36. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes Inhibition of the enzyme activity Competitive inhibitor Substrate INACTIVE ACTIVE INACTIVE Non-competitive inhibitor

  37. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes Inhibition of the enzyme activity Competitive inhibitor Substrate p-aminobenzoic acid Sulfanilamide PRODUCT = FOLIC ACID

  38. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: enzymes Inhibition of the enzyme activity PRODUCT = FOLIC ACID

  39. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS Linear

  40. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS Cyclic

  41. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS Repetitive

  42. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE ORGANISED IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS

  43. Lecture 6 Turnover of the materials: metabolic pathways

  44. Lecture 6 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE ORGANISMS ARE CHEMICAL FACTORIES

  45. Lecture 6 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE We’ve been here

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