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Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution

Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution. The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804). Haiti. Meaning of Haitian Revolution.

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Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution

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  1. Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution

  2. The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

  3. Haiti

  4. Meaning of Haitian Revolution • At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as Saint-Domingue and was a colony of France. Through the revolution, people of African ancestry freed themselves from French colonization and from slavery.

  5. Haiti: First Black Republic • Haiti was the first republic in modern history led by people of African descent. It went directly from being a French colony to governing itself.

  6. Background: Sugar • The riches of the Caribbean depended on the Europeans' increasing taste for sugar, which plantation owners traded for provisions from North America and manufactured goods from Europe.

  7. Haiti: Sugar Economy • By the 1740s Saint-Domingue, together with Jamaica, had become the main supplier of the world's sugar.

  8. Sugar and Slavery • Sugar production depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Africans in the harsh Saint-Domingue colonial plantation economy.

  9. Caribbean Slavery • The white planters who derived their wealth from the sale of sugar knew they were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than ten and lived in fear of slave rebellion.

  10. High Death Rates on Sugar Plantations

  11. Violence in the Haitian Revolt • When the Haitian Revolution began, blacks unleashed the rage they felt over their treatment as slaves.

  12. French Revolution: Human Rights • Haitian slaves were inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution: • Liberty • Equality • Fraternity

  13. Toussaint Loverture • What was the story of the leader of the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint Loverture?

  14. Population Stats: 1789 in Haiti • Slaves: 500,000 • White colonials: 40,000 • Free People of Color: 28,000

  15. The Revolution Begins • On Saint Domingue, the free people of color began the chain of rebellion when French planters would not grant them citizenship as decreed by the National Assembly of France in its "Declaration of the Rights of Man."

  16. The Role of Voodoo • On the evening of August 14th, 1791 DuttyBoukman, a houngan and practitioner of the Petwo Voodoo cult, held a service at Bois Caiman.

  17. Bois Caiman: Northern Haiti

  18. Voodoo in the Black Atlantic • Haitian Vodou is a religion originating from the Caribbean country of Haiti. It is based upon a merging of the beliefs and practices of West African peoples, (mainly the Fon and Ewe) with Roman Catholic Christianity, which was brought about as African slaves were brought to Haiti in the 16th century and forced to convert to the religion of their owners, whilst they largely still followed their traditional African beliefs. • Haitian Voodoo shares many similarities with other faiths of the African diaspora: • Louisiana Voodoo of New Orleans • Santería and Arará of Cuba, • Candomblé and Umbanda of Brazil.

  19. African Origins of Voodoo

  20. Houngan • Houngan is the term for a male (as opposed to the mambo, or female) Priest in the Voodo religion in Haiti. The term is derived from the Bantu word "nganga". • It is the Houngans role to preserve the rituals and songs and maintain the relationship between the spirits and the community as a whole (though some of this is the responsibility of the whole community as well). They are entrusted with leading the service of all of the spirits of their lineage. Sometimes they may also be bokor (sorcerers).

  21. The Slave Uprising Begins • Historians date the beginnings of the Haitian Revolution with the uprising of the slaves on the night of August 21st, 1791.

  22. Violence in the Haitian Revolution • It was an incredibly savage outburst, yet it still fell short of the treatment the slaves had received, and would still continue to receive, from the white planters.

  23. Toussaint Emerges as Leader • As the slave uprising proceeded Toussaint Loverture emerges as the chief leader by virtue of strong character and abilities.

  24. Toussaint and French Radicals • The Rights of Man • Freedom • Equality • Citizenship

  25. Early Peace Proposal by Toussaint • Toussaint protected white prisoners • Toussaint made concession by not demanding an end to slavery in Haiti • Toussaint only asked for reforms on the plantations • Whites on the Island of Haiti said NO to Toussaint’s peace proposal

  26. French Revolution: Reign of Terror • French Revolutionaries beheaded their king, Louis XVI in 1793 • How far would the French go with their revolution?

  27. Sonthonax Arrives in Haiti • On June 2, 1792 the French National Assembly appointed a three man Civil Commission to go to Saint-Domingue and insure the enforcement of the April 4th decree that gave citizenship to free people of color. • One of those commis-sioners was Leger FeliciteSonthonax

  28. Sonthonax • He arrived in Saint-Domingue on September 18, 1792. • As a radical French Revolutionary he allied himself with free men of color against white planters

  29. Toussaint writes Open Letter • Toussaint declares his commitment to end slavery in Haiti • Toussaint declares that he will lead the slave army to freedom

  30. Spain Enters the Conflict • Spain wanted to wrest control of Haiti from France • Spain began to arm the slave army in Haiti as they fought against the French

  31. France Invites Britain to Help put down the Haitian Revolution • The Haitian Revolution becomes an major international event.

  32. 1794: Revolutionary France Abolishes Slavery in its Empire/Haiti • One million slaves in the French Empire/Caribbean became French citizens

  33. Word of the Abolition of Slavery Quickly Reaches Haiti • Challenges to Toussaint • Jean-Jacques Dessalines

  34. Jean-Jacques Dessalines • How did Dessalines differ from Toussaint? • What did Dessalines to do challenge the leadership of Toussaint?

  35. Slaves Free in Haiti • Sonthonax had proclaimed an end to slavery on 29 August 1793. Toussaint Louverture worked with a French general, ÉtienneLaveaux, to ensure all slaves would be freed.

  36. Toussaint Switches to French Side • Toussaint brought his forces over to the French side in May 1794 and began to fight for the French Republic. Many enslaved Africans were attracted to Toussaint's forces.

  37. Toussaint’s Victory • Toussaint helps to defeat the Spanish and British. In the end, he essentially restored control of Saint-Domingue to France.

  38. Toussaint: General and Governor • Toussaint is appointed a Brigadier General and Governor of Saint-Domingue.

  39. Toussaint vs. Sonthonax • In 1797 Toussaint forces Sonthonax out and off the island of Haiti.

  40. 1798: Enter Napoleon • What will Napoleon do with the French Empire?

  41. Toussaint Restores Plantation Economy • Toussaint forces his black followers back to work in the cane fields in an effort to restore the sugar economy of Haiti. Not popular!

  42. Toussaint’s Constitution [1801] • In 1801, Louverture issued a constitution for Saint-Domingue which provided for autonomy and decreed that he would be governor-for-life.

  43. Napoleon and Haiti • In retaliation, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule, and under secret instructions to later restore slavery.

  44. Toussaint vs. Leclerc • During the three month struggle, some of Toussaint's closest allies, including Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defected to Leclerc.

  45. Toussaint Surrenders in 1802 • After his arrest the French mistreated and abused Toussaint. They took him to France and put him in prison.

  46. Dessalines fights the French • After the betrayal and capture of Toussaint Louverture in 1802, Dessalines became the leader of the revolution. He defeated French troops sent by Napoleon at the Battle of Vertières in 1803.

  47. Haiti: First Black Republic [1804] • Declaring Haiti an independent nation in 1804, Dessalines was chosen by a council of generals to assume the office of Governor-General. In September 1804, he proclaimed himself Emperor and ruled in that capacity until being assassinated in 1806.

  48. Historical Figures from the Black Caribbean • Jones, Claudia (1915-1964): Communist and Civil Rights Leader • Claudia Jones was born on February 21, 1915 in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Her family migrated to the United States in 1924 and became residents of Harlem.

  49. Historical Figures from the Black Caribbean • Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., National Hero of Jamaica (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940[1]), was a publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, Black Nationalist, Pan-Africanist, and orator. Marcus Garvey was founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

  50. Historical Figures from the Black Caribbean • StokelyStandiford Churchill Carmichael (June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998), also known as KwameToure, was a Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "Snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party. Initially an integrationist, Carmichael later became affiliated with black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements

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