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Interactions and Implications of Renewable and Climate Change Policy on UK Energy Scenarios. Dr. Gabrial Anandarajah, Dr. Neil Strachan King’s College London IEW2009 - Venice - 17 th June 2009 gabrial.anandarajah@kcl.ac.uk , neil.strachan@kcl.ac.uk. Content. Introduction UK MARKAL model
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Interactions and Implications of Renewable and Climate Change Policy on UK Energy Scenarios Dr. Gabrial Anandarajah, Dr. Neil Strachan King’s College London IEW2009 - Venice - 17th June 2009 gabrial.anandarajah@kcl.ac.uk, neil.strachan@kcl.ac.uk
Content • Introduction • UK MARKAL model • Scenario definition • Selected results • Conclusions
Introduction • UK Government has set the target of 80% CO2 reduction at 1990 level by 2050 • EU renewable directive: • 20% renewables in EU’s final energy consumption • UK’s contribution to this should be to increase the share of renewables to 15% by 2020 • Two major renewable policies in UK • Renewable Obligations (RO) • A certain percentage of all electricity generation should be from renewables • Renewable Transport Fuel Obligations (RTFO) • A certain percentage of sales (road transport fuels) are made up of bio-fuels • This paper analyses interaction and implications of renewable and climate change policies on UK energy scenarios
UK MARKAL Model • An elastic demand version of the UK MARKAL (MED) model has been used to analyse the Low Carbon Scenarios in UK • What is MARKAL? • MARKAL (acronym for MARKetALlocation) is a widely-applied, perfect foresight, technology detailed linear programming (LP) optimisation model • MARKAL’s objective function is to minimise discounted total energy system cost • It is an integrated energy system model • Standard MARKAL model • Fixed energy service demand (exogenous demand) • MARKAL (MED) model • Energy service demand changes along the stepped linear representation of demand function (endogenous demand curve). Own price elasticity: (D/D0) = (P/P0)-E • Maximises total societal welfare (producer + consumer surpluses)
Assumptions & Calibration Notes • Calibrated in its base year (2000) to DUKES data within 1% of actual resource supplies, energy consumption, electricity output, installed technology capacity and CO2 emissions • All existing policy measures as of EWP 2007 are implemented • Other than EU-ETS (€20/t-CO2) no carbon price is included • Resource price in line with higher revisions from IEA, BERR • 10% global discount rate and technology specific 'hurdle' rates on future transport technology and on building conservation and efficiency options are applied. • The hurdle rates apply only to capital costs and thus effectively increases the investment barriers to these efficiency technology. Set at 15%, 20% and 25%. These hurdle rates represent information unavailability, non price determinants for purchases and market imperfections • Elasticity values: taken from different literatures.
Scenarios • Reference Scenario (RS): • No CO2 constraint and RO and RTFO are kept at level of 15% and 5% respectively from 2015 • Low Carbon Scenario (LCS): • CO2 emission is constrained to 26% in 2020 and 80% in 2050 • Renewable Policy Scenario (RPS): • the RO has been increased by 5% in each successive runs to 50% starting from the Reference Case values of 15% from 2020. • The RTFO has been increased from 5% to 20% with steps of 5% in each successive run. • All other conditions are same as in RS • Low Carbon Renewable Scenario (LCRS): • combinations of LCS and RPS
CO2 Emissions • If new policies/measures are not taken, base case CO2 emissions in 2050 would be 584 MtCO2: 6% higher than 2000 levels and 1% lower than 1990 levels. • Existing policies and technologies would bring down emissions in 2020 to about 500 MtCO2 - a 15% reduction. • Decarbonisation is foremost in the power sector till the middle or end of the projection period • Then major efforts switch to the residential/transport sector/service sectors
Sectoral CO2 emissions in RPS • When the RO is increased, CO2 emission decreases • RO can reduce the CO2 emissions by 26% and 20% in 2020 and 2050 respectively • When RTFO is increased, transport sector CO2 emissions is further reduced from 134 MtCO2 to 112 MtCO2 in 2020. • RO and RTFO together can reduce CO2 emission by 30% in 2020 Sectoral CO2 emissions at 5% RTFO Sectoral CO2 emissions at 20% RTFO
Electricity generation mix (RS, LCS, RPS) • Till the middle, end-use sector decarbonisation is mainly by efficiency improvements and demand reduction • During the latter period, end-use sectors’ decarbonisation is mainly by electrification • When the RO is increased, end-use sectors’ demand for expensive electricity decreases in 2050
Electricity generation mix in LRPS • RO increases the share of wind and coal generation in 2020 and reduces gas and coal-CCS generation • RTFO further increases the electricity generation from coal in 2020
Decarbonisation of End-use Sectors • The residential sector is decarbonised by shifting to electricity (from gas) as well as technology switching from boilers to heat pumps for space heating and hot water heating. • The transport sector is decarbonised by fuel switching: hybrid, hybrid plug-in (diesel and petrol), ethanol, bio-diesl, hydrogen and battery operated vehicles. • The service sector is decarbonised by shifting to electricity. • Besides efficiency and fuel switching (and technology shifting), the elasticity (demand reduction) is also plays a major role in reducing CO2 emissions by reducing energy service demand (5% - 25% by scenario and by ESD)
Bio-fuel demand • In the Reference Scenario: • 11 PJ and 14 PJ of biomass is selected for residential and services sector heating while transport sector consumes 70 PJ of biomass in 2020 to meet the RTFO of 5%. • In 2050, transport sector biomass consumption is to meet the RTFO target • In RPS, the transport sector demands 175, 262 and 349 PJ of bio-fuels at the RTFO levels of 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. • When the CO2 emission is constrained in LCS: • bio-fuel is critical in transport sector • about half of the transport fuel consumption is bio-fuel • In LCRS, • The share of bio-fuel increases in 2020 to meet the RTFO targets (20%) • No significant change in the share of bio-fuel in 2050
EU Renewable Directive • Table above shows the share of renewable in final energy demand • The LCS didn’t meet the EU renewable directive • EU renewable directive can be met: • -at 35% and 20% of RO and RTFO respectively • -or at 40% and 15% of RO and RTFO respectively • -these scenario will also reduce the 2020 emissions by 30%
Economic implications • Marginal carbon price varies from £165 to £183/t-CO2 across the scenarios in 2050. • Demand reduction levels are in the range of 0-5% in 2020 and 5%-25% in 2050 across the scenarios. • Societal welfare losses (change in consumer + producer surplus) are up to £7 billion in 2020 and £40 billion in 2050 in 2000 prices. • Incremental cost that is the difference in total discounted system cost to meet the EU directive is only a couple of billion pounds in 2000 prices. • But cost of implementing the RTFO policy will relatively be high and challenging.
Conclusions • RO will increase the electricity prices leading to less electricity demand from end-use sectors. • Power sector decarbonisation occurs early and it is critical • There are trade-off in sectoral emissions between power and transport when the RTFO is increased. • LCS will not meet the EU renewable directive • Renewable policies (RO and RTFO) can meet the EU renewable directive and short-term climate change target, but not long term • Great challenge in implementing RTFO is ensuring production of bio-fuel sustainably with minimum environmental impacts. • Engineering challenge is electricity grid with increased share of intermittent sources at high RO.