EOC BIOLOGY REVIEW

1. EOC BIOLOGY REVIEW

2. In DNA, which of the following determines the traits of an organism? • Amount of adenine • Number of sugars • Sequence of nitrogen bases • Strength of hydrogen bonds 5C – Describe the roles of DNA, RNA and environmental factors in cell differentiation.

3. “Thymine—guanine—thymine—cytosine” describes — • nucleotides within and RNA strand • a sequence of bases within a DNA section • points of DNA separation during protein synthesis • points of DNA separation during protein synthesis 6B – Recognize the components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms.

4. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis? • 11 • 19 • 38 • 76 5A – Describe the stages of the cell cycle, including DNA, replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms.

5. Ultraviolet radiation can cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells that have been overexposed to the sun. This mutated DNA has no effect on future offspring because — • changes in skin cell DNA are homozygous recessive • mutations must occur within the RNA codons • offspring reject parental skin cells • only changes to gamete DNA can be inherited 6E – Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.

6. Part of a DNA strand is represented in the diagram above. In order for DNA to replicate, the strand must separate at which of the following locations? • Between every phosphate-sugar pair • Between the eight sugar-base pairs • Between the four nitrogenous base pairs • Between any two chemical bonds 6B – Recognize the components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms.

7. The diagram shows how an mRNA molecule is synthesized. What would be the most likely result if a bacterial infection stopped the production of the RNA polymerase? • A protein could not be manufactured. • A lysosome would digest the cell. • Osmosis would not occur in the cell. • Dehydration could be prevented in the cytoplasm. 6C – Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.

8. The chain represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown occurred? • The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected. • The identity of one amino acid would change. • The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged. • The identities of more than one amino acid would change. 6C – Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.

9. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their- • size • spindle fibers • growth rate • surface area 5D - recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer.

10. Cell division is represented in the figure by the letter- • A • B • C • D 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

11. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s — • Mitochondria • Golgi Apparatus • Lysosomes • Chloroplasts 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

12. What type of cellular process is occurring in the figure below? • Osmosis • Diffusion • Active Transport • Both A and C 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

13. Which of these is a function of the cell membrane in all cells? • Producing cellular nutrients • Preserving cellular wastes • Neutralizing chemicals • Maintaining homeostasis 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

14. Which organelle directs the activity of the cell’s organelles and directions to make proteins? • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Vacuole • Cell Membrane 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

15. Which process occurs in the chloroplasts of all cells? • Cellular respiration • Photosynthesis • Reproduction • Protein synthesis 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

16. The red blood cells in the figure above are in a ____________ solution • Isotonic • Hypertonic • Hypotonic • Active Transport 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

17. What volume should be reported for the solution in this graduated cylinder? • 64.0 mL • 56.2 mL • 56.0 mL • 50.6 mL 1A - demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations

18. Where does cellular respiration take place in the cell? • Thylakoid • Chloroplast • Mitochondria • Vacuole 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

19. Look at the Venn Diagram. It compares the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Which elements would you put in section Y? • I, II • I, III • I, II, III • III I. CO2 II. O2 III. C6H12O6 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

20. Which of following lists the scientific method in order from beginning to end? • Purpose-Research-Hypothesis-Experiment-Conclusion-Analysis • Purpose-Research-Hypothesis-Analysis-Experiment-Conclusion • Purpose-Research-Hypothesis-Experiment-Analysis-Conclusion • Purpose-Hypothesis-Research-Experiment-Analysis-Conclusion 2E - plan and implement descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, including asking questions, formulating testable hypotheses, and selecting equipment and technology;

21. Glucose is a sugar which is what type of organic molecule? • Fructose • Enzyme • Protein • Carbohydrates 9A - compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids;

22. The diagram shows water molecules arranged in a row. What is the most likely reason that each water molecule is arranged so that the oxygen part of the molecule faces a hydrogen part of the molecule? • The oxygen in a water molecule contains a partial negative charge. • Gravity rotates the oxygen atoms to face the more massive sodium ions. • Hydrogen atoms create repulsive forces with chloride ions. • Oxygen atoms form covalent bonds with sodium ions. 9A - compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

23. Proteins are produced according to a special code found in the control center of the cell. Which of these molecules carries this code: • DNA • ATP • Glucose • Lipid 9A - compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

24. Which biomolecule is made of amino acids? • Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Polymers • Proteins 9A - compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

25. Which of the following organelles is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Golgi apparatus • Endoplasmic reticulum 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

26. The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C above the surrounding water temperature. What structures are likely to be found in relatively high concentrations in the cells of this organ? • Chromosomes • Mitochondria • Nuclei • Ribosomes 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

27. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites? • Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does. • Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration. • Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. • Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration. 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

28. Saltwater fish remove extra salt from their body by active transport through the gills. What is the result of this activity? • The salt becomes more chemically active. • Water balance is maintained in the blood. • The rate of energy production is decreased. • The cell membrane becomes less permeable to water. 4B - investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.

29. The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add — • a series of small volumes of water to the acid while stirring • the acid to water slowly while stirring constantly • the acid to a small volume of water and then add more water • dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the concentrated acid 1A - demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations

30. In eukaryotes, DNA – • is located in the nucleus. • floats freely in the cytoplasm. • is located in the ribosomes. • is circular. 4A - compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

31. During mitosis, the – • DNA molecules unwind. • histones and DNA molecules separate. • DNA molecules become more tightly coiled. • chromosomes condense and sister chromatids separate. 5A - describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

32. The chemical factors that determine traits are called – • alleles • traits • genes • characters 6B - recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms

33. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called – • cell division • metaphase • interphase • mitosis 5A - describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

34. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing • two chromosomes. • four chromosomes. • eight chromosomes. • sixteen chromosomes. 5A - describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

35. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their – • size • spindle fibers • growth rate • surface area 5D - recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer.

36. The diagram shows chromosomes in a cell undergoing cell division. If one of the chromosomes breaks during this process, which of the following will most likely happen? • Mutation • Selection • Segregation • Duplication 5A - describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

37. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? • 3 • 6 • 9 • 12 6C – Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.

38. A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate – • the offspring will be of medium height • all of the offspring will be tall • all of the offspring will be short • some of the offspring will be tall, and some will be short 6F – Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian inheritance.

39. Gametes are produced by the process of • Mitosis • Meiosis • crossing-over • replication 6G - recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction

40. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of – • diploid cells • haploid cells • 2N daughter cells • body cells 6G - recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction

41. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of – • two genetically identical cells • four genetically different cells • four genetically identical cells • two genetically different cells 6G -

42. Mutations in DNA can occur when — • replication of DNA is exact • a DNA enzyme attaches to an RNA codon • RNA codons are replaced by DNA nucleotides • a change occurs in DNA nucleotide bases 6E – Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.

43. In which layer would the most recent relatives of modern day animals be found? • Layer A • Layer C • Layer E • Layer F 7B – Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record.

44. Which statement is best supported by the information below? • Barnacles develop within the whale uterus. • Whales descended from ancestors with hair. • Fluid inside the uterus is colder than seawater. • Adult whales will possess more hair in the future. 7C – Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals.

45. Differences in amino acid sequences and DNA sequences are greater among species that are more distantly related than between species that are more closely related. These biochemical differences and relatedness are used as evidence of- • Translation • Transcription • Vestigial structures • Evolution 7A – Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies including anatomical, molecular, and developmental.

46. A man treated his home with a pesticide that kills roaches. The first application of the pesticide killed 92% of the roaches. Two months later he applied the pesticide to his home again, but the second application killed only 65% of the roaches. What would best explain the decrease in the effectiveness of the pesticide? • The pesticide is effective only against mature roaches. • Once roaches learned how to fight the pesticide, they taught others. • The surviving roaches were naturally resistant to the pesticide, and that resistance was inherited by their offspring. • The pesticide caused some of the roaches’ digestive systems to mutate and metabolize the pesticide. 7C – Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals.

47. Which of these conclusions can be made based on the graphs shown above? • Larger mosquitoes have migrated into the area. • Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten by larger mosquitoes. • A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. • Mosquitoes with a body length of 3 cm have the longest life span. 7D – Analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive successes.

48. The diagram shows relationships of selected species over time. According to this information, which of these species is expected to have the greatest phenotypic difference from the ancestral species? • Species Q • Species R • Species T • Species U 7A – Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies including anatomical, molecular, and developmental.

49. The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish. Scientists observed that the average size of guppies in a pond decreased over a few years after a guppy predator was introduced into the pond. Which of the following best explains the change in guppy size? • Speciation • Convergent evolution • Inbreeding • Natural selection 7C – Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals.

50. Which of the following best explains how the milkweed bug’s coloration helps it avoid being eaten by birds? • Birds become confused by the bug’s coloration, so the bug has time to escape. • Birds associate the bug’s coloration with its bad taste and avoid eating it. • Birds are unable to locate the bug’s head, so the bug can escape. • Birds cannot locate the bug because it appears to be part of the plant. 7E – Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species