Biology EOC Review

1. Molecular Biology 15-19% Structure and Function of Living Organisms 18-22% Ecosystems 18-22% Evolution and Genetics 43-53% Biology EOC Review

2. Topic: Molecular Biology • Bio 4.1 Biological Molecules • Bio 4.1.1 Structure and function of organic compounds • Bio 4.1.2 Proteins and protein synthesis • Bio 4.1.3 Enzymes • Bio 4.2 Biochemical processes and Energy use in the cell • Bio 4.2.1 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration • Bio 4.2.2 Energy is necessary for homeostasis

3. Biological Molecules • Contain the element Carbon • 4 major macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

4. Carbohydrates • Structure/monomer/subunit/basic building block: Monosaccharide • Function: Energy source and structure • Examples: glucose-blood sugar cellulose- plant cell walls starch- storage for plants glycogen- storage in mammals’ liver • Tests: Glucose-Benedict’s solution (when heated turns orange/green) Starch- Iodine solution (turns blue black color) • Ends in –ose: sugar

5. Lipids • Structure: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol • Function: long term energy storage, protection, and insulation • Examples: fats, phospholipids and steroids (cell membrane) • Test: brown paper Lipid vs.. water

6. Nucleic Acids • Monomer/subunit/basic building block: nucleotide(sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base) • Function: store genetic information • Examples: DNA and RNA

7. Proteins • Monomer/subunit/basic building block- amino acids (20 different amino acids) ** all have same basic structure, including an amino group and carboxyl group. However, all have different “R” group which determines shape which determines function. ** • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, gene expression, and regulation • Test- Biurets • Examples: insulin-regulates blood sugar enzymes-speed up chemical reactions hemoglobin- carries oxygen in blood

8. Enzymes • “organic catalysts” • Specific; “lock and key method” • Protein • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH; shape is altered in high temperature and extreme pH • Speed up chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy • End in -ase

9. The way plants make their own food (autotrophs) Reactants: Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Sun Products: Glucose and Oxygen Sun+H2O+CO2C6H12O6+O2 Occurs in the chloroplast Sun: Radiant energy Producers/Consumers: Chemical energy Final: Heat energy Photosynthesis-”light making”

10. Photosynthesis (continued…) • Plants take in water through their roots and take in carbon dioxide through holes in their leaves called STOMATA

11. With Oxygen Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use Reactants: Glucose and oxygen Products: Water and Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6+O2H2O+CO2 Occurs in the mitochondria Inverse of photosynthesis 36-38 ATP; very efficient “aerobics class like ZUMBA” Aerobic/Cellular Respiration

12. Anaerobic Respirationaka Fermentation • No Oxygen • Used to release energy, but not as efficient as aerobic respiration (less ATP) • Products include CO2 and lactic acid or alcohol • Two Types: • Alcoholic Fermentation (yeast/beer) • Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle fatigue/cramps)

13. Maintain homeostasis Can be used for quick energy by the cell Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds Break bonds to release energy Think about “glow stick” break to activate glowing ATP Energy Storing Molecule

14. Questions For Standard 4 • Glucose is blood sugar and insulin helps to regulate it. From which organic compounds do glucose and insulin belong? • Plants and animals must store carbohydrates to use for later. Which carbohydrate is used for storage in plants? Which carbohydrate is used for storage in animals? • Which carbohydrate is found in plant cell walls and is indigestible for mammals and other animals? • Which organic compound would become your energy source if you were without food for a long period of time? • The functional units of DNA are ___________________. • What makes the 20 different amino acids different? How does this contribute to their function? • How do enzymes speed up reactions? • How many substrates can one enzyme fit with? What type of analogy can be used to explain this? • What happens to the enzymes in your body if your temperature is too high • Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?

15. Questions For Standard 4 11. What type of organisms can use photosynthesis? 12. Which organelle is the site of respiration? 13. What type of organisms can use respiration? 14. Which two compounds are created at the end of photosynthesis and are used at the beginning of aerobic respiration? 15. Which anaerobic process is responsible for producing ATP in the absence of oxygen? 16. Which compounds builds up in your muscles after strenuous exercise and causes them to feel sore? 17. Which compound is produced by plants and yeast during anaerobic respiration? 18. Why is aerobic respiration considered the ideal method of producing ATP? 19. Why is ATP necessary for all living things?

16. Topic: Structure and Functions of Living Organisms • Bio 1.1 Structures and functions of cells and their organelles • Bio 1.1.1 Eukaryotic cells’ organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) • Bio 1.1.2 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells • Bio 1.1.3 Instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cell specialization • Bio 1.2 Cell as a Living System • Bio 1.2.1 Homeostasis • Bio 1.2.2 Cell Cycle (Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis • Bio 1.2.3 Specific Cell Adaptations

17. Prokaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles (less complex) No Nucleus Bacteria only (unicellular) Smaller than eukaryotes Includes: circular DNA strands (Plasmids), ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles Plants and Animals True nucleus Cells

18. Prokaryote and Eukaryote

19. Nucleus/Nucleolus • “Control Center” • Contains chromosomes • Genetic Information Nucleolus: Ribosomal Synthesis (make ribosomes)

20. Energy, energy, energy “Powerhouse” of cell Produces energy in the form of ATP Site of Aerobic/cellular respiration Cristae (folds) increase surface area to increase energy production during cellular respiration Mitochondria

21. Site of photosynthesis: the way plants make their food-autotrophs Use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose Plant cells ONLY Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Chloroplast

22. Vacuole • Storage of excess materials • Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

23. Ribosomes • Proteins are synthesized • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

24. Surrounds the cell Regulates what enters/leaves the cell (bouncer/security guard) Helps maintain homeostasis (stable internal balance) Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins Gatekeeper Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane

25. Cell Wall • Plant cells ONLY • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection • Made of cellulose-a carbohydrate (sugar)

26. Eukaryotes Plant Animal • Cell wall • Chloroplast • Large central vacuole

27. Interaction of Organelles DNA codes for proteins which are assembled by the ribosomes and used as enzymes for energy production at the mitochondria

28. Specialized Cellscells develop to perform specific functions; structure determines functionRegulated by genes

29. Formation of Multicellular Organisms • Begin as undifferentiated masses of cells • DNA variation & gene activity determines differentiation of cells • Only specific parts of DNA activated • All cells contain same DNA in organism • Genetic instructions influenced by cell’s environment and past history

30. Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal Cell to Cell Communication

31. Stem CellsAdult and Embryonic • Unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves and have under appropriate conditions the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells • Embryonic: not yet differentiated into various cell types • Example of adult stem cells: bone marrow

32. Plasma Membrane • Buffers to regulate cell pH and cells can respond to maintain temperature, glucose levels, and water balance in organisms • Remove toxins, move the body to avoid danger, find food, water, or a mate

33. Diffusion • Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED and Random) across a membrane • high concentration to low concentration

34. Osmosis • Diffusion of water • Passive transport • NO ENERGY • With concentration gradient • High to low concentration • Example: Food color in water; riding bike down hill

35. Active Transport • Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • Low concentration to high concentration • Example: Riding back up the hill requires energy • Energy needed to maintain homeostasis within organisms • Example: rid cell of toxins; movement to avoid danger; movement to find food, water, mates, etc..

36. Hyper: Shrink Water moves out of the cell -Salt water Solutions Hypo: Swell Think “Hippo” Water moves into cell • Iso: “same”/”equal” • Movement of water is the same in and out of a cell

37. Solutions • Isotonic: concentration of solutes in the cell=concentration of solutes outside the cell • Hypertonic=water is greater inside the cell than outside the cell; solutes outside the cell are greater than solutes inside the cell; “shrink” • Hypotonic=solutes outside the cell are less than solutes inside the cell; water moves from area of high (outside cell) to low concentration (inside cell)

40. Sodium Potassium Pump

41. Cell Cycle • Interphase: cell spends the most time (G1 (growth), S (DNA and chromosomes replicates/copy), G2 (check for errors) • Mitosis: makes body cells; asexual; parent and offspring identical • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and 2 new cells formed

42. Phases of Mitosis (Asexual Reproduction)“PMAT” Prophase: “preparation” (chromosomes visible, nucleus disappears) Metaphase: “middle” (chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: “apart” (sister chromatids separate) Telophase: “two” (nuclei reappear and cleavage furrow forms) Cytokinesis: “cytoplasm divides” Results in 2 diploid identical cells (parents identical to daughter cells)

43. Binary Fission

44. Euglena: -flagella (long, whip like); movement -eyespot: light sensitive (photo taxis) Specific Cell Adaptations Amoeba: -contractile vacuole (excess water) -pseudopods (false feet) Paramecium: -cilia: short, hair like Structures used for Movement/locomotion

45. Questions for Standard 1 1. What quality of the nucleus allows it to be in charge of all cell processes? 2. Which cell organelle is flexible due to its arrangement of phospholipids? 3. What type of organisms have cell walls? 4. What is the function of the folds within the mitochondria? 5. What three things regarding cell organelles are different between plant and animal cells? 6. Do prokaryotes have ribosomes? Why? • What is the only living thing on Earth that is made of a prokaryote cell? 8. What is the name of the circular DNA that prokaryotes have? • If all cells have the same DNA, why are they not the same? • Why does the body need different types of cells? Give some examples of different cells. • What are cells called that do not have a specific job yet? • Define homeostasis?

46. 13. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? 14. If a cell is placed in salt water, what will happen to the cell? 15. If a cell is placed in pure water, what will happen to the cell? 16. What is necessary for the process of active transport to occur? 17. In which part of the cell cycle are chromosomes copied? • In which part of the cell cycle do cells spend the most time? • What phase/term refers to division of the nucleus and chromosomes? • When are two new cells formed? • What is the function of the contractile vacuole? • What type of organisms have an eyespot? • Describe the cilia, flagella, and pseudopods in terms of movement for the cell.

47. Topic: Ecosystems • Bio 2.1 Interdependence of Living Organisms • Bio 2.1.1 Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Cycles • Bio 2.1.2 Behavioral, Structural, and Reproductive Adaptations • Bio 2.1.3 Interactions among Organisms • Bio 2.1.4 Ecosystems • Bio 2.2 Human Impact • Bio 2.2.1 Human Activities • Bio 2.2.2 Sustainability

48. Ecology • Collection of abiotic (nonlivng) and biotic (living) factors in an area • Together they influence growth, survival, and productivity of an organism

49. Symbiotic Relationships • Symbiosis: close and permanent relationship between members of different species • Types: • Mutualism (+,+) • Both Benefit Example: bees and flowers both benefit from pollination • Parasitism (+,-) • 1 Benefits and 1 Harmed Example: Human & Tapeworm; dog &tick; mistletoe-plant that grows within trees and benefits by absorbing nutrients from them and the tree is harmed by being deprived of nutrients

50. Predation • Predator: hunter; eats prey • Prey: being hunted or eaten • Evolve in response to one another • Help maintain stability within an ecosystem