Organic Compounds

1. Organic Compounds • What do you think of when you hear the term organic? • What are the 4 major groupings of Organic compounds? • What compounds composes each group? • What are the major functions of each group?

2. Organic Compounds • What do you think of when you hear the term organic? • Varies but probably produce that is grown without fertilizers or pesticides. Carbon containing, from living organism. • What are the 4 major groupings of Organic compounds of the human body? • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

3. Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates (Breads, Rice, Starch, Grains) • Saccharides, di-poly • Immediate energy • Make up most of your diet • Simple sugars • Lipids (Lipids, Butter, Fats, fat tissue) • 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids • Stored reserve energy • Phospholipids make up cell membrane • Nucleic Acids • Nucleotide-Phosphate, 5-carbon sugar and N base • Carry the genetic code of life • Proteins (Muscles) • Amino Acids (peptide bond) alkyl, organic alchol, amine • Growth, maintenance and repair

4. Normal Cell Cell with Chromatids Sex Cell Sex Cell (Nondisjuction) Autosomal Cell (S-1, G2) Sex cell 1/2 done What do you see? B A E C D G F

5. Meiosis I Reduction Meiosis II Equilateral Growth and Development

6. Oogensis Primary Oocyte (2n) Meiosis I Reduction Secondary Oocyte (n) Polar Body (n) Meiosis II Equilateral Polar Bodies (n) Ootid (n) Growth and Development Ovum (n)

7. Meiosis I Reduction Meiosis II Equilaterial Growth and development

8. Spermatogensis Primary Spermatocyte (2n) Meiosis I Reduction Secondary Spermatocytes (n) Meiosis II Equilaterial Spermatids (n) Growth and development Spermatozoans (n)

9. Nucleic Acids History Structure Replication Protein Synthesis Mutations

10. History DNA Structure • Gregor Mendel-Factors carried genetic information • Walter Sutton-Factors are carried on chromosomes • Thomas Morgan-Genes are found on chromosomes • Friederich Meischler -found in nuclein (chromatin) white blood cells • Frank Griffith-Classic Experiment, transformation • Margaret Chase, Alfred Hershey, bacteriophages reproduction • Avery, Macleod, McCarty duplicated and explained Griffith experiment • Wendel Stanley-Tobacco Mosaic Virus • Phoebe Levine-Material that composed DNA • Erwin Chargaff-N bases that combined, C-G, A-T • Maurice Wilkins,Rosalind Franklin-Picture (X-ray diffraction) of DNA • Linus Pauling-Worked on proteins • James Watson, Francis Crick-suggested the double helix structure for DNA

12. Structure • Website: check favorites http://www.umass.edu/molvis/bme3d/materials/jtat_080510/exploringdna/ch_struct/chapter.htm • Nucleotides • Sugar • Deoxyribose(DNA) • Ribose(RNA) • Phosphoric Acid, Phosphate • Nitrogen Bases A=T(DNA), U(RNA); C=G, Hydrogen Bond • Purines-double ring • Adenine, Guanine • Pyrimidines-single ring • Thymine(DNA), Cytosine, Urasil(RNA) • Ladder shape, twisted Double Helix • Sides are composed of phosphates and 5 C sugars. • Steps or rungs are composed of N bases

16. What are the complimentary bases for this strand of DNA. A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-T-C-G

17. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double strand Thymine Deoxyribose Nuclear location 3 types R, L, Twisted Ribonucleic Acid Single Urasil Ribose Found anywhere in cell 4 type mRNA, tRNA, rRNA DNA RNA

18. What are the Major Differences in DNA and RNA? • 5 carbon sugar • Nitrogen bases • Location • Strands

19. DNA Replication • DNA copies the information on the strand and makes an exact copy. • C-G-T-A-G-G-A-T-C-C-G • G-C-A-T-C-C-T-A-G-G-C • Procedure • Weak chemical bonds break • DNA splits into separate strands • Enzymes cause free-floating nucleotides to form complimentary templates • Enzymes link the free-floating nucleotides into a long strand • Two identical strands of DNA now exist

23. Quick review • What is the basic functional unit of DNA? • What three things makeup this functional unit? • What is the complimentary code for: • AAT GGC ATC GCA TTA GTC TTA

24. Proteins • Everything you do is related to chemistry. Growth, maintenance, repair. • Break down or make substances-Lactase-lactose, amylase-starches, lipase-lipids, sucrase-sucrose, • Proteins have a specific job in your body, ex Hemoglobin, HGH • Polymerase in DNA • Makes Buffers for Acids and Bases

25. Holds the Blueprint of LIFE or Genetic Blue Print of your life. Instructs cells HOW to produce proteins (compounds) in certain situations. Proteins are used for: Chemical reactions Structures Enzymes, Catalyses Importance of DNA / Protein

27. Protein Synthesis • The DNA unzips(H bonds break between N bases) in a spot that produces a certain protein. • Transcription-mRNA copies the chemical message on the coding strand of the DNA • The strands of mRNA then go out to cytoplasm. There is more than one copy of the DNA message • The tRNA is coupling to Amino Acids(19), codon 3 N-base sequence in mRNA, anti-codon is the complimentary code on tRNA • Ribosome directs the tRNA with the amino acids to the proper position on the mRNA strand (translation) • Protein is formed from the amino acid being placed in the proper order. • The proteins shape determines function.

28. 1 7 6 2 5 3 4

29. 1.Amino Acid 7.tRNA 6.mRNA 2.Amino Acid Chain 5.Ribosome 3.AntiCodon 4.Codon

31. A-DNA B-mRNA (Transcription) C-mRNA cytoplasm D-Amino Acid E-tRNA with AA F-Ribosome G-Protein H-Translation I-Anticodon J-Codon K-Cytolasm Protein Synthesis

34. DNA->RNA->Protein • A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-T-A-C-T-A-A-T • UAC GGC AAU CGA UGA UUA • AUG CCG UUA GCU ACU AAU

35. How to Find the Amino Acid • Check on the chart or tool to see if it is DNA, Codons, or Anticodons. • Circular • Center is where you will find the first N-base • Then go out to the next level for that N-base. In that Quarter of the pie. • Follow the 1/8 pie to the crust for the last N-base and that is the Amino Acid

36. What Amino Acids form from AAU GGC UAC GGA

37. What Amino acid is coded for with a Nitrogen sequence of: AAT GAT CCG TTA CCA

38. How to find the Amino Acid • Rectangle • Usually the left side is for the first N-base. When that is located this is the row it will be in. • Next N-base is usually across the top, this will further narrow the search to the square. • The last N-base is across the right edge to tell you what N-base you have.

40. Why is protein synthesis so important? • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5.

41. Protein Synthesis or importance of a single Protein in your own words.

42. Mutant or Not

43. Cause of Mutations • Mutagens-agents in the environment that are known to cause changes in the DNA.(nicotine, asbestos, virus, radiation, UV), A test for mutagenic properties is an Ames test. • Nondisjunction is when chromosome fail to separate during either the first or second meiosis. • Translocation is where a broken piece of chromosome is reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome • Genetic predisposition to mutate

44. Mutations • Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence • Germ cell mutation is a mutation that is passed on to the offspring. • Somatic cell mutation is a mutation in body or somatic cells • Lethal mutation is a mutation that causes death • Cancer cells growing out of control

45. Importance of Mutation • Usually a mutant is thought of as something bad, unless it is a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle. • Think about how organisms change and the variation within a population. Go back to the “Black Death” in Europe. How or why did certain people survive?

46. Types of DNA MutationsAUG-CGA-UUG • Point mutation is a substitution of a single nitrogen base in the DNA. AUG-CGA-AUG • Frame shift mutation is an insertion, deletion, inversion • AUG-GCG-AUU-G insertion • AUG-GAU-UG- deletion • AUG-AGC-GAU-U inversion

47. Chromosomal MutationsABCDEFG • Deletion-a section of a chromosome is removed ABDEFG • Insertion-a section of a chromosome is added AFEDCBG • Translocation- a section of one chromosome is added or removed from another • ABCABCDEFG • Inversion-a section of a chromosome is switched in sequence