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Metabolic Regulation in Fed State: Insulin, Glucagon, and Energy Reserves

Explore the integration of metabolism focusing on insulin and glucagon regulation in the fed state. Learn the biological effects of insulin and glucagon on processes such as glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and protein degradation. Understand how energy reserves, ketone bodies, and alternate energy sources are utilized during fasting. Discover the intricate mechanisms of metabolic regulation for optimal health and well-being.

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Metabolic Regulation in Fed State: Insulin, Glucagon, and Energy Reserves

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  1. Integration of Metabolism

  2. Metabolic Regulation in the Fed State Insulin regulation Glucagon regulation Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin) Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress, i.e., fever or infection)

  3. Biological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon GLUCAGON INSULIN Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis Fat synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen mobilization Lipid mobilization Protein degradation Altered gene expression Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis Fat synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen mobilization Ketogenesis Protein degradation Uptake of amino acids

  4. Effect of Insulin on Glucose Transport GLUT4 (insulin-responsive glucose transporter) upregulation at the plasma membrane

  5. Energy Reserves During Fasting Only ca. 30% of body protein is available for energy production

  6. Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Source During Fasting Favored during fatty acid catabolism due to high NADH/NAD+ ratio Short-term fast: Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies Long-term fast: Amino acids are source of ketone bodies slow

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