QPA1 Review

1. QPA1 Review

3. 1. Your teacher knows you are the master of lab safety rules and wants you to make a lab safety poster for her classroom. What are the 5 most important lab safety rules you would include? That would be to follow all instructions, written and verbal, about the laboratory procedures given by the teacher. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, you must ask before proceeding with the activity. What do you think?

4. 2. What are the base units for measurement in the metric system for mass, length, and volume? • Mass: Gram ( g) • Length: Meter ( m ) • Volume: Liter ( L )

6. 3. How can we record a measurement bigger than the base unit? (Hint: think prefixes) add prefixes above the base unit to the unit. • Ex: gram -> add kilo = kilogram

8. 4 How do you find the volume of an irregular object? Displacement, or The volume of a solid object such as a rock or pebble can be determined by submerging it in a liquid in a graduated cylinder or other container. The difference in the volume of the liquid is the volume of the object.

9. 5. What are the different tools we use to make measurements and what do they measure? • Tape measures, rulers, graduated cylinders, triple beam balance, scales

10. 6. We use a systematic method for finding answers to questions we may have. What is it called? • Scientific method

11. 7. What are the steps of this system? • Ask a Question • Do Background Research • Construct a Hypothesis • Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment • Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion • Communicate Your Results

12. 8. What is a variable in an experiment? • A variable is something that can be changed in an experiment • Manipulated (independent) and Responding (dependent)

13. 9 . What happens to the temperature and pressure the deeper you go in Earth? • The deeper you go the hotter it gets and the greater the pressure gets

14. 10. How do materials of different densities layer? • The highest density material is at the bottom of the column, and as you proceed up the column, the density of each successive layer decreases, with the lowest density layer on top.

15. 11. The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. What are some differences between continental crust and oceanic crust? • Continental crust underlies the continents and is mainly composed of granite rock. Average thickness is about 35 km. • Oceanic crust underlies the oceans and is mainly composed of Basalt rock. Average thickness is about 7 km.

16. 12.What is the lithosphere? The lithosphere is the solid, rocky layer covering the entire surface of the planet, composed of the crust and the hard uppermost mantle, and reacts to stresses as a brittle solid. The lithosphere ranges in thickness from 50 - 200 kmA and is fragmented into tectonic plates with boundaries where plates collide, diverge, or grind past each other.

17. 13. What is the asthenosphere? The asthenosphere is that part of the Earth which is viscous and undergoes ductile deformation and convection on a geological time scale. It is part of the upper mantle and is approximately 600 km thick laying below the lithosphere at a depth of around 100 to 200 km and it's base is around 700 km deep.

18. 14. What is occurring in the asthenosphere that causes it to move? The plastic like rock of the asthenosphere is able to move because of currents of heat from Earth's interior known as convection currents. The current is part of a process of heat transfer to a cooler area.

20. 15. What evidence did Wegener use to support his theory of Continental drift? Alfred Wegener's fully developed theory of continental drift attempted to point out evidences that the continents were once joined into a single continent he called Pangea. Wegener's theory hypothesized that the continents were able to push through the rock of the seafloor to their present positions. As evidence, he noted, as had others before him, of the geographic correlation in coastline perimeters of South America and Africa. This was the feature that led Wegener to investigate for other evidences. His investigations revealed that mountain ranges in South America and Africa, and strata and composition of coal fields in Europe and North America matched or lined up. Additionally, matching reptilian fossils were found on either side of the ocean, indicating that the continents were once joined together.

22. 16. Why did many scientists reject Wegener’s theory of continental drift? • Wegener proposed the continental drift theory, and provided scientific evidences for such, but couldn't explain the mechanism or processes behind the movement of continents. • Wegener was also a meteorologist and this was not in his field of science, resulting in skepticism by the established geologists of his time.

24. 17. What does SONAR allow us to do? • To get a better understanding of the ocean floor

25. 18. What did we find using SONAR? • In 1977, scientists used submersible vehicles to explore the seabed and discovered vents gushing dark plumes of superhot, mineral-rich water and mid-ocean ridges.

26. 19. What did scientists find out was going on at the mid-ocean ridges because of SONAR? • Mid-ocean ridges circled the Earth

27. 20. How did this information lead to Hess’s theory of sea-floor spreading? • That magma is continually rising along the mid-ocean ridge = the recycling process

28. 21. How does Hess’s theory help Wegener? • It supported Wegener’s theory of continental drift: how do the continents move.

29. 22. The new theory is The Theory of Plate Tectonics. This theory says the Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move around. What are the three types of plate boundaries? • Convergent • Transform • Divergent

30. 23. The movement of the plates leads to stress being put on rocks in the Earth. What is stress? • The force acting on a rock or another solid to deform it

31. 24. In what ways do the types of stress affect the Earth? • Rocks deform and form faults • Stress causes strain and strain results in structures

32. 25. When the Earth can’t take any more stress, it breaks (fault). How does the Earth move during the three types of faults? • Compression Reverse • Tension Normal • Shearing Strike-Slip

33. 26. What can occur when stress is released in the Earth along one of these faults? • Seismic waves • earthquakes

34. 27. How do we measure earthquakes? • They use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was

35. 28. How do we locate earthquakes? When an earthquake occurs, we observe the times at which the wave front passes each station. We must find the unknown earthquake source knowing these wave arrival timesand locate the focus and epicenter.

36. 29. What types of damage can earthquakes cause? • Aftershocks • Tsunamis • Liquefaction • Shaking

37. 30. Describe how volcanoes form at the three different locations. • Convergent Boundary • Divergent Boundary • Hot Spots

38. 31. What is silica? • The compound of silica is made up of particles of silicon and oxygen. • The silica content of magma ranges from about 50 to 70%.

39. 30. How does the amount of silica determine whether the eruption will be quiet or explosive? • High silica = explosive eruption • Low silica = quiet eruption

40. 31. What types of debris are ejected out of volcano? • Ash • Cinder • Lava

41. 32. We can’t predict volcanic eruptions, but volcanoes give us warning signs that they might be erupting soon. What are some of these warning signs that we monitor? • Tilt meter detects surfaces • Gases escaping vents • Temperature increases in underground water

42. 33. How does the type of eruption, (quiet, explosive, both), determine what type of volcano forms? • Shield volcanoes from hot spots • Cinder cone volcanoes – explosive • Composite volcanoes - explosive