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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs

Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs. Background Psychoactive drugs categorized: Medically Specifically, how they effect the CNS . Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs. Background Five Major categories Depressants Stimulants Opioids / Opiates

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Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs

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  1. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs Background Psychoactive drugs categorized: • Medically • Specifically, how they effect the CNS

  2. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs Background Five Major categories • Depressants • Stimulants • Opioids / Opiates • Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs • Marijuana

  3. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs Psychoactive drugs My suggestion, make yourself a chart of the five categories of drugs to help you keep the information in order, like what’s on page 301 For example: • Category • What they do • Effects • Examples

  4. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants What they do • Slows (depresses) neural activity • Mostly effects: • Frontal lobe • Hindbrain

  5. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on the nervous system & body Afferent & efferent neurons, motor cortex all affected (slowed) • Slows reaction time

  6. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on the nervous system & body Association areas in frontal lobe depressed • Impairs judgment • Impairs long-term planning • Lessens inhibitions • Reduces self-awareness

  7. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on the nervous system & body Broca’s area affected • Slurring of speech

  8. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on the nervous system & body Effects cerebellum • Overconsumption -> balance, coordination problems

  9. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on the nervous system & body Effects brainstem (Medulla oblongata) • Depresses automatic functions, could stop if too much consumed • Heartbeat, breathing, ability to vomit

  10. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on memory • No effect on short-term recall or existing long-term memories • However, difficult to create long-term memories

  11. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Effects on memory • Also, state dependant memory • Memories made while intoxicated are hard to remember when sober. • Able to remember next time in that state (drunk)

  12. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Major depressants • Alcohol • Barbiturates • Anesthesia • Sleeping pills • Also known as “Downers”

  13. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 1) Depressants Major depressants, continued • Tranquilizers • AKA: Sedatives • Treat anxiety • Examples: Valium & Xanax

  14. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants What they do • Increase activity of the CNS

  15. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Effects on the nervous system & body • Heighten alertness • Increase energy • Speed up bodily functions

  16. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Effects on the nervous system & body • Speeds up CNS/automatic functions (respiratory, cardiac) • Can overtax/permanently damage these parts of the body

  17. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Effects on the nervous system & body • Many mimic effects of neurotransmitters • Highly physically addictive • Tolerance built up quickly • Makes withdrawal difficult

  18. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Major stimulants • Amphetamines • Synthetic stimulant • “Speed”

  19. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Major stimulants • Cocaine • Derived from leaves of coca plant • Crack: concentrated form

  20. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Major stimulants • Ecstasy • Methyenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) • Anything in large enough amounts is a hallucinogen (i.e., stimulant)

  21. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Major stimulants • Caffeine • Most popular drug in the world • Found in coffee, tea, chocolate, soda, etc.

  22. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Major stimulants • Nicotine • Highly addictive • Found in tobacco

  23. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants Major stimulants • Nicotine, continued • Mimics neurotransmitters: • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Vasopressin: causes high blood pressure

  24. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants How cocaine works: 1/3 • Agonist – blocks reuptake of: • Dopamine • Serotonin • Norepinephrine • More of them bind to neuroreceptor site than usually do • Excess of neurotransmitters causes euphoric rush

  25. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants How cocaine works: 2/3 • Stop use of cocaine • Natural neurotransmitters used up quicker than usually • Body producing at same rate

  26. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants How cocaine works: 3/3 • Body crashes because lacks these neurotransmitters • Leads to agitation (lack of dopamine) depression (lack of serotonin & norepinephrine)

  27. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 2) Stimulants How ecstasy works: • Dopamine & Serotonin Agonist • Vesicle release excess of both • Blocks reuptake of both • More of them bind to neuroreceptor site than usually do • Causes good feeling (Serotonin), want to keep taking it (Dopamine)

  28. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates What they are • Derived from alkaloids of resin of opium plant • Can be natural, synthetic, partially synthetic

  29. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates What they are • Used as pain relief • Decreases perception & reaction to pain

  30. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates What they are • Agonist • Mimics endorphins (body’s natural pain block)

  31. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates What they are/effects • Sometimes (incorrectly) put into the depressant category • Can depress bodily functions (respiratory functions, etc) • Different method than depressants

  32. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates What they are/effects • Depressants slow hindbrain • Opioids depress respiratory function itself • Causes drowsiness

  33. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates Effects on the nervous system & body • Intense feeling of euphoria • Highly physically addictive • Tolerance builds up very quickly • More and more needed to prevent withdrawal • No longer produces euphoria, just maintaining level to function

  34. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 3) Opiods/Opiates Major opiods • Opium (natural) • Morphine (natural) • Codeine (natural) • Diacetylmorphine (heroin) (semi-synthetic) • Methadone (fully synthetic)

  35. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs What they are • Distort perceptions • Cause heightened sensory alertness (colors seem brighter, sounds clearer, etc.) • Cause hallucinations

  36. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs Addiction • Not physically addicting • Strongly psychologically Types • Natural substances • Synthetic

  37. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs Natural • Mesculine: peyote cactus • Psilocybin: certain types of mushrooms

  38. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs Natural • Mesculine: peyote cactus • Psilocybin: certain types of mushrooms Synthetic

  39. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs Natural • Mesculine: peyote cactus • Psilocybin: certain types of mushrooms Synthetic • Phencyclidine: PCP or angel dust • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): acid

  40. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 4) Hallucinogens/psychedelic drugs Effects • How alter perceptions still unclear • Serotonin receptors? • Effects people differently in different situations (why is unclear)

  41. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Background • Sometimes put into one of the other categories • Or, considered its its own category

  42. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Background Depressants • Depresses the neural system • Depresses inhibitions, judgment, etc

  43. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Background Hallucinogenic • Causes (usually mild) hallucinations

  44. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Background Opioids • Feeling of euphoria • Drowsiness • However, not derived from opium poppy

  45. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Background Stimulant • Can stimulate mood • Intensifies mood of user

  46. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana What it is • Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) • Active ingredient of marijuana • Found in leaves, flowering top of hemp plant Cannabis • Hashish: cooked down, mashed into a paste

  47. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Effects on the nervous system & body • How THC effects brain largely unknown • THC neuroreceptors found in: • Frontal lobe • Limbic system • Motor cortex

  48. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Effects on the nervous system & body • Because THC neuroreceptor found, neurotransmitter in the body apparently • Haven’t found it & don’t know what it does • Have found similar neurotransmitters, just not for THC

  49. Unit VII: States of Consciousness: Psychoactive drugs 5) Marijuana Effects on the nervous system & body • Low physically addictive • High psychologically addictive • THC lingers in body for a month or so • Body does not build up a tolerance • Small dose needed to produce desired effect

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