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Water and carbon fluxes in forested and crop areas in Brazil Humberto Rocha

Water and carbon fluxes in forested and crop areas in Brazil Humberto Rocha. Chicago, Illinois/US, 12-13 Jun 2012. Description of climate and croplands Measurements of ET, GEP and albedo Deforestation feedback in rainfall Peak flows and load discharge in cropland streams. 1. Climate. 3.

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Water and carbon fluxes in forested and crop areas in Brazil Humberto Rocha

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  1. Water and carbon fluxes in forested and crop areas in Brazil Humberto Rocha Chicago, Illinois/US, 12-13 Jun 2012

  2. Description of climate and croplands • Measurements of ET, GEP and albedo • Deforestation feedback in rainfall • Peak flows and load discharge in cropland streams

  3. 1. Climate 3

  4. Critical patterns of water availability Fonte: ANA – Conjuntura Recursos Hídricos do Brasil

  5. 2. Main crops – area, productivity Sugar cane Soybean Corn Rice

  6. The forest protection code legislation (1965) statements: Legal reserve (RL) Permanent Protected Areas (APP) Law enforcement (2005)

  7. 3. Flux tower sites in forested areas

  8. Flux tower over sugar cane, cerrado and eucaliptus plantation (MogiGuaçu watershed – state of São Paulo)

  9. ET and GEP across a forest-cerrado biome transition Gross Ecosystem Productivity (fraction of max) with days since start of dry season Evapotranspiration (fraction of max) Equatorial forests Equatorial forests Tropical seasonal forests Tropical seasonal forests Savanna & Pasture Savanna & Pasture

  10. CO2 flux – tropical forest Santarem (k83 site) CO2 fluxes: annual sum is prone to uncertainties Miller 2004, Ecol Appl; Goulden 2004 Ecol Appl, 2006 JGRSaleska 2003, Science; Hutyra 2007 JGR Reco ~ nighttime flux GPP ~ daytime flux – Reco • High numbers are observed in the tropics • Miller 2004, Ecol Appl Reco u*filtered Reco GPP Dry season sink Wet season loss ... but leads to a reasonable interpretation of seasonality

  11. The ability of forest vegetation to reach soil moisture and depend on its variability is a key step to understand the ecosystem resilience Soil moisture pumped from trees at different depths (% of daily totals) Wet season 68% at 3m Dry season 84% at 7m Soil moisture measurement with Time Domain Reflectometry

  12. Rainfall inhibition Previous modelling sudies suggested that large scale deforestation in Amazonia may lead to a reduction in rainfall and impact the ecosystem, but the investigation over small areas is still a less known matter. This numerical experiment used: BRAMS atmospheric model w/ 3 nested grids (64,32,08 km of horizontal resolution) Rainfall enhancement Changes varied from  10 to 30 % Deforestation strip

  13. Global Solar Albedo over sugar cane plantation – measurements in 3 different harvest types (Cabral et al 2011, and unpublished data) 1997-1999 – harvest in Apr/May, dry leaves burning, manual harvest (unpublished) 2001-2002 harvest in Sep/Out, green harvest w/ mulching (unpublished) 2005-2007 harvest in Apr/May, burning dry leaves, mechanical harvest (Cabral et al 2011) Harvest (bars)

  14. Measured mean ET and above canopy temperature (Source: Tatsch, J. (2012) PhD thesis USP and unpublished data) ET simulatied w/ modified-SiB2 model)

  15. Rainfall runoff modelling (DBHM/SiB2) at MogiGuaçu watershed. Source: Tatsch, J. (2012) PhD thesis USP Current Land Cover APP_reforest (Permanent Protected areas)

  16. Eucaliptus intermediate sugar cane higher Cerrado lower

  17. Final statements Brazil ranks 8th in global economy - Agrobusiness ~ 1/3 GDP and ½ jobs Very competitive ethanol (10 units of energy/1 unit of fossil fuel used) Large potential crop expansion with strong concern on environmental sustainability University of São Paulo seeks for partnerships which helps to quantify the ecosystem services and identify ways for their economical internalization with regional and global benefits Thanks – contact HUMBERTO@MODEL.IAG.USP.BR

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