Hydrology is the science of water occurrence, movement and transport .

1. Hydrology and Hydrogeology Hydrology? Hydrology is the science of water occurrence, movement and transport. Hydrogeology? Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of rocks) is the part of hydrology that deals with the occurrence, distribution, movement and quality of water beneath the Earth's surface.

2. The world’s freshwater resources are under increasing pressure. Water is vital for human survival, health and dignity and a fundamental resource for human development. • Resources are scarce • Demands are outstripping supplies

3. Population under water stress Water withdrawals have increased more than twice as fast as population growth and currently more than 1/3rd(2 billions) of world's population live in countries that experience medium to high water stress.

6. Question: How much percent of all water is fresh?

7. Because groundwater has proven difficult to find in many regions, it comprises only 19 percent of the fresh water currently used by the world's population. The key to finding this vast and often untapped resource is the accurate and reliable exploration program.

8. GW is significantly less costly to develop than surface water. • GW is less susceptible to contamination than surface water • - quite often requires little or no treatment to be used as drinking water.

9. WHERE IS GROUNDWATER?

12. How much abstraction is feasible? - unplanned abstraction can cause groundwater lowering/mining - Aresnic To what extent groundwater interacts with surface water? GW contamination

13. National Water Policy (1999) --- balanced use of groundwater and surface water

14. Groundwater Movement

16. Groundwater Movement

17. Groundwater Movement

18. Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water

19. Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water

20. Baseflow component of surface water flow

21. WFM 5103 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Lecture materials/Handouts will be provided at the end of each class. Reference text: Groundwater Hydrology – By David Keith Todd Groundwater -- By H.M. Raghunath Grading Attendance: 5% Assignment: 15% Quiz (3 nos): 10% Mid-term : 30% Final : 40%

22. WFM 5103 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Subsurface environment Water bearing properties of rocks and soils Principles of groundwater movement Recharge Groundwater withdrawal Groundwater Quality Groundwater in Coastal zones Hydrogeological mapping Groundwater management Conjunctive use Groundwater Models Groundwater development in Bangladesh

23. WFM 5103 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Groundwater withdrawal - groundwater exploration - hydrogeological mapping - well construction - well hydraulics subsurface surface

24. WFM 5103 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Groundwater Quality - sources of pollution (municipal, agricultural, industrial, etc.) - sources of salinity Groundwater in Coastal zones - saltwater intrusion Hydrogeological mapping Groundwater management Conjunctive use

38. Aquifer properties/parameters Water transmitting parameter Permeability or Hydraulic Conductivity Mean pore velocity:

39. Water transmitting Parameter….contd. K (L/t) --- function of both fluid and porous medium k (L2) --- function of porous medium only