7.1- The simple sentence

1. 7.1-The simple sentence BY DR. BUSHRA NI’MA

2. Elements such as V(verb) & O (object)are constituents (parts) of sentences and also of clauses within sentences. A sentence is an expression which includes an action, which means that it has a verb. We have three types of sentences: • simple:which has one verb. ▪ She cleansthe house.

3. 2) A Compound:which has more than one verb (two sentences). ▪ Ali is a teacher and he teaches in a private school. 3) A complex: a mixture of so many sentences within the same context. ▪ She is a nurse. She works in a very big hospital. Shemeta nice man who hasbecome her future husband

4. A Phrase: a simple sentence without a verb. That's why it cannot stand alone, it should attached (connect) to another constituents to have a meaningful sentence. ▪ The woman with two large eyesis my lover. (noun phrase)

5. Clause:it is a smallest grammar unit that can express a complete proposition. Any typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, where the predicate is typically a verb phrase - a verb together with any objects and other modifiers. *Clause types:we have two types of clauses; main and subordinate:

7. e.g ♦ Ali was feeling too happy main clause(independent) when he won the prize. subordinate (dependent) clause ♦ Ali was feeling too happy. (The main clause)

8. ♦ I quickly shot the door before the animal could escape.subordinate clause A time ………superordinate clause…………………. ♦ Zaid feels so happy when his brother arrives subordinate clause ………superordinate clause……………. (A time)

9. *A simple sentence consists with a single finite clause with a finite verb that is independent. 7.2- Clause types:concentrating on those elements that are normally obligatory (Od, C, A), we can distinguish seven clause types. 1} S+V intensive+A place → Ali is at home (intensive) She isin her school

10. 2} S+ V intensive+ Cs → She isa doctor (intensive) He issmart 3} S+ V monotransitive + Od → Ali found the keys (monotransitive) She cleans the house The police caughtthe thief 4} S+Vcomplex transitive +Od + A place → He puthis bag in his car

11. I putthe plate on the table (obligatory adverbial – complex transitive) 5} S+ V complex + Od + Co → We have proved him a fool(complex) The boss madeJim assistant manager(complex transitive) 6} S + V + Oi + Od → She givesmeexpensive presents ditransitiveoi od

12. 7} S + V → The baby cried (intransitive) The child laughed

14. 7.3-Complementation: The elements Od, C and A are obligatory elements of clause structure because they are required for the complementation of the verb. I put the book * But in some cases, a direct object or object complement in one of the above patterns may be considered grammatically optional:

15. He's eating- (He is eating an apple) S V O He's running- (He is running fast) He made his career- (He made his career a success) SVOC He's teaching- He's singing- etc. *Sometimes we can transferred the verb from the transitive to the intransitive category (type).e.g. eat. Thus He's eatingis an instance of clause-typeSVrather than of SVO(with optional deletion of the object).

16. Obligatory elements: 1- Ali reads a story. 2- She saw a movie. 3- They are at home. 4- They elected him a president. 5- She is a beautiful.

17. 7.4 Optional Adverbials *(Sometimes) she sings(beautifully). (A)+S+V+(A) *(In Baghdad) most students wear white shirts. (A)+ S+V+O • She (happily) sent us some flowers. S+(A)+V+O Q. Show whether the underlined items are obligatory or optional?

18. 1) A difficult problem arises in this sentence. (prepositional adverb=optional) A difficult problem arises. 2) Adam's father has recently bought hima new car. optional=A processOi=optionalOd=obligatory Adam's father has bought a new car. 3) Heturned traitor.(adj.) Cs=obligatory 4) They made mehappy.Od + Co = obligatory

19. 5) They made me a chair. Oi=optional Od=obligatory They made a chair.

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