Motivation and Emotion

1. McElhaney Motivation and Emotion

2. AP Outline • VIII. Motivation and Emotion (7–9%) • Biological Bases • Theories of Motivation • Instinct, Drive Reduction, Optimal Arousal, Incentive Theories • Hunger- Eating Disorders; Thirst, Sex, Social Cultural Factors, Sexual Orientation and Pain • Social Motives, Achievement Motivation, • Theories of Emotion, James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Cognitive Theory; Characteristics, Biology of Emotion, Emotional Expressions • Stress

3. Basics of Motivation • Our behavior is energized and directed by motives and emotions • There are links between motives and emotions • Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are monitored within the brain • Activities/motives are related to needs for stimulation and to maintain arousal

4. Definition of Motivation: • The factors that influenceinitiation, direction, intensity + persistence of behavior • Why do we do what we do? • Behavior is based partly on the desire to feel certain emotions. • How is motivation exemplified by Hunger, sexual desire and Need for Achievement? • Motivation  effects emotion example- hunger and irritability

5. Motive: • A reason or purpose that provides a single explanation for diverse behaviors. • Some psychologists think of motivation as an “intervening variable”- • Intervening variable is something that is used to explain the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.

6. Sources of motivation: 4 basic categories • Biological Factors- Autonomic Nervous System • Emotional Factors- panic, fear, anger, love, hatred • Cognitive Factors- perceptions, beliefs, expectations • Social Factors – other people, influence from parents, friends, teachers, TV, Siblings…Factors-

7. Theories of Motivation (web) • Instinct- Evolution=genetic predispostion • Drive Reduction -biological, focus on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact • Optimal Arousal- finding the right level of stimulation • Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs- describes how some of our needs take priority

8. Basic Model of Motivation • Dynamics of behavior in the way actions are: • Initiated • Sustained • Directed • Terminated

9. Example of Food Seeking • Initiatedby bodily need • Search was sustained • Action directedby possible sources • Terminatedby attained goal

10. The Model (Motives) • Motivational Activities- begin with needs • Need is an internal deficiency • Needs cause - Drive= energized state that facilitates a need • Drives --activate a response = an action or series of actions to attain a goal • Goals are targets of motivational behavior

12. Difference between Needs and Drives • Need - A state of deficiency • Drives - Psychological states activated to satisfy needs, Often associated with some kind of arousal, Increased physiological and/or autonomic activity, • For many biological needs, drive satisfaction is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and • are stronger than drives

13. External Stimuli • Motivated behavior can be energized by the pull of External Stimuli • And push of internal needs

14. Action is a Mix • Internal needs and External Incentives • (types of conflicts are associated) • Incentive value of goals helps us understand motives that don’t come from internal needs • Example success = status-approval

15. Types of Motives: 3 Categories • 1. Primary-(innate) • Based on biological needs • Must be met for survival • Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance • Air, sleep • Elimination of waste

16. 2. Stimulus Motives (not necessarily for survival) • Need for stimulation • Need for information • Activity • Curiosity • Exploration • Manipulation • Physical contact • Not necessary for survival • Stimulus Drives= reflect need for: • Need for stimulation • Need for information • Activity – curiosity • Exploration- manipulation • Physical contact • Sensory input (sex)

17. 3. Secondary Motives (learned motives) • Learned needs or drives and goals • Making music • Competing • Learned needs for power • For affiliation • Status • Security • Approval • Achievement • Fear + Aggression are learned

18. Drive Reduction Theory • Physiological need creates an arousal state that drives an organism to reduce a need. • Eating/drinking example • As a need  increases • A drive increases • (a drive is an aroused motivated state)

19. Instinct theory • Unlearned • Evolutionary psych • Genes predispose species typical behavior • Example: • Rooting reflexes • , aggression, (maybe Phobia) • Helping behaviors • Romantic attractions, mate selection

20. Arousal Theory • Says ideal levels of activation exist for various activities • Arousal refers to activation of body + nervous system • Zero@death.com = no arousal=death • Low during sleep or boredom • Moderate during daily activities • High at times of excitement, emotion, panic, fear and anxiety

21. Levels of Arousal • We perform best when we have a Moderate level of Arousal • Not too passive/not too anxious=Performance • Inverted U Function • Says at low levels of arousal=decrease performance • More arousal= improved performance

22. Levels of Arousal 2 • Ideal level arousal depends on complexity of the task Simple tasks--Best for arousal to be high Complex tasks  best for low/moderate arousal

23. Yerkes-Dodson Law

24. Sensation Seekers • People learn to seek particular levels of arousal • Sensation seeking scale+ Thrill +adventure seeking • Experience seeking • Disinhibition • Boredom Susceptibility

25. Primary Motive is Homeostasis • Biological needs- direct much of our behavior • Are used to maintain body balance= Homeostasis • Hunger (motive) is a regular cycle each day • Good example of how internal and external factors direct behavior • Liver affects hunger

26. Hunger 2 • Stomach size some indication of hunger • Glucose- level in blood and • hypoglycemia = low blood sugar level • Feeling of hunger causes stomach contractions • Liver sends nerves signal to brain  desire to eat

27. Pain- • Drive to avoid pain=episodic • Takes place at certain episodes when body is or is about to be damaged • Prompts us to avoid pain • Pain tolerance- is learned- raise of lower tolerance

28. Self actualizing = Full use of personal potential Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Described a Hierarchy of Human needs that motivate behavior Abraham Maslow

29. Revised Maslow

30. Maslow Humanist Interpretation • Self-Transcendence new level • People strive for meaning/purpose • Beyond the self-higher level meaning • Helping others achieve self-actualization

31. Growth needs- • Positive-life enhancing for personal growth. • Meta needs- • Higher needs, Tendency for self-actualization

32. Maslow and Motivation • Progress is often disrupted by failure to meet lower level needs. Life experiences, including divorce and loss of job may cause an individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy. • Maslow noted only one in a hundred people become fully self-actualized because our society rewards motivation primarily based on esteem, love and other social needs.

33. Meta Needs • We tend to move up to Meta needs • A person who meets survival needs then moves to meta needs if these are unfulfilled • They are in a “ Syndrome of Decay” • Characterized by despair, apathy, and Alienation

34. Maslow's Meta-Needs: • Wholeness (unity) • Perfection (balance and harmony) • Completion (ending) • Justice (fairness) • Richness (complexity) • Simplicity (essence) • Liveliness (spontaneity)≈ • Beauty (rightness of form) • Goodness (benevolence) • Uniqueness (individuality) • Playfulness (ease) • Truth (reality) • Autonomy (self-sufficiency) • Meaningfulness (values).

35. Syndrome of decay- • When we cannot reach our higher other needs • Most people are concerned with esteem, love, security, but they don’t get much past that.

36. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motives • Intrinsic motivation- we act without any obvious external rewards. You are motivated on your own part.= high achievers • Extrinsic- external rewards enhance motivation- ex money, grades, approval

37. Brian Mechanisms • There are many parts of brain associated with motivation

38. Hypothalamus • does regulate motivation and emotion • Thirst, hunger, sexual behavior • Is sensitive to sugar in the blood • Receives neural messages from liver and stomach • One part signals hunger =feeding system • Which initiates eating

39. Lateral hypothalamus- (hunger feelings) • When electrified causes animals to eat • Secretes Appetite stimulating hormones • If destroyed = no eating • Marijuana-”Mary-Jane” causes a hypothalamic response= “Munchies”

40. Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus • Part of Hypothalamus relates directly to Satiety (fullness) feelings= stop mechanism • If destroyed = overeating • Appetite surprising hormones • (Bottom medium part of the hypothalamus)

42. Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus • Affects hunger= helps keep blood sugar level steady • Both- starts and stops eating • Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y (NPY) • Large amount = hunger

43. Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 (GLP1) • Causes eating to cease • Released by intestines • After eating a meal • In blood then to brain • 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow = eat less)

44. Set Point and Metabolic Rate • Weight Thermostat • Low weight body increases appetite • Metabolic Rate- regulates energy use of the body • (Basal) energy use at rest • Set Point= Point at which the weight thermostat is set increases or deceases metabolism • The body is homeostatic when we are at the set point and then it is activated to reach the set point when we fall below.

45. Blood Chemistry • hunger arousing • Ghrelin- secreted by empty stomach hormone, signals brain • Orexin- hormone secreted by hypothalamus • Insulin- hormone secreted by pancreas controls blood glucose • Leptin- protein in hormone secreted by fat cells increases metabolism and decreases hunger • Pyy- digetstive tract hormone send satiety signals to brain

46. Psychology of HungerFactors that influence hunger • Taste Aversion is conditioned • Tense and Depressed • We crave carbohydrates and sweets • Why- boosts serotonin = calming effects • Evolutionary-Spicy food inhibit bacteria growth… • Pregnant women food dislikes and nausea peak at 10th week when developing embryo is not susceptible to toxins

47. Situational Influences • Social- Presence of other = more eating • B/C other people amplify natural behavior tendencies • Unit Basis- large size meals = more eating • Food Variety- stimulates eating (more choices and more food)

48. Obesity • Social Issues: • Lower psychological well being • Especially Women • Increase in depression • Fat Storage- when food scarce • Body Mass Index • Physical Health Risks • Diabetes • High Blood Pressure • Heart Disease • Arthritis • Some cancer • Lowers life expectancy • Women late life cognitive decline (Alzheimer's/dementia from brain tissue loss)

49. Obesity Cont. • Set Point – is very low • Need less food to maintain weight • Body burns fewer calories when we are burning fat • Energy conservation • Lean people burn more calories- not conserving energy • Genetic factors similar to parents • Environmental factors • Sleep Loss- less sleep = lower leptin = more food • And more Ghrelin = more food

50. Waist Management • Eating Habits & exercise • Minimize exposure to tempting food cues • Simple meals limit food variety-grains, fruits, veggies • Healthy Fat= olive oil, fish • Crispy greens • Reduce portion size • Don’t starve • Monitor eating