English II--Mechanics

1. English II--Mechanics The Nuts and Bolts of Grammar

2. Capitalization—p. 713-70 • Capitalize the first word of every sentence, including the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence. Henry Ford said, “Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is the probable reason why so few engage in it.”

3. Capitalization—p. 713-70 • Do not capitalize the first word of a quotation unless the entire quotation can stand as a complete sentence or it is capitalized in the original text. Although astronauts must use computers, most experts say astronauts are “computer users, notcomputer experts.”

4. Capitalization—p. 713-70 • Do not capitalize an indirect quotation, An indirect quote gives the meaning of a direct quote, without using the exact words, and is often introduced by that. This letter from a computer camp states that swimming, archery and hiking will be offered this summer. This letter from a computer camp said, “Swimming, archery and hiking will be offered this summer.”

5. Capitalization—p. 714-70 • Capitalize the first word of a sentence in parenthesis that stands by itself. Do not capitalize a sentence within parentheses that is contained within itself. Games can be tools for learning about computers. (Many programmers think that programming itself is the best game of all.) They were looking for software (they hoped to buy no more than three) that they could use in writing their reports.

6. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 715-71 • Capitalize a proper noun (persons, places, things or ideas.) Do not capitalize articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions of fewer than five letters. Mark Twain Sequoia Sally Ride Charles de Gaulle Catherine the Great Martin Luther King, Jr.

7. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize titles used before a proper name and titles used in direct address. Dr. Henry Ramirez Chief Sitting Bull Senator Durbin Aye, aye, Captain General Robert E. Lee Ms. Jones

8. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • In general, do not capitalize titles that follow a proper name or are used alone, unless the person is a head of state. Jeb Bush, the governor of Florida, met with the President last evening at the White House.

9. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • In general, capitalize a title that describes a family relationship when it is used with or in place of a proper name, but never when it is preceded by a possessive. Have you met Aunt Flora? Please ask Grandma. What did you say Mother? My dad got laid off at his job. His uncle will pick us up after practice.

10. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 714-71 • Capitalize names of ethnic groups, national groups, and languages. Native Americans Italian Laotians Spanish Latin English Scots Germany

11. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize names of organizations, institutions, political parties and their members, and firms. Food and Drug Administration Girl Scouts of America Utah State University the Congress A Democrat

12. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize names of monuments, buildings, bridges, and other structures. the Eiffel Tower World Trade Center Vietnam Veterans Memoral Hoover Dam the White House the Parthenon Sears Tower Shea Stadium

13. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize trade names. Chevrolet Kleenex Xerox Styrofoam Cheerios Friskies cat food Lifesavers

14. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize names of documents, awards, and laws. The Constitution Fifth Amendment Pulitzer Prize a Grammy Bill of Rights Emancipation Proclamation Environmental Protection Act

15. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize the names of continents, countries, states, countries, and cities, as well as the names of specific bodies of water, topographical features, regions, and streets. Asia Africa Lake Huron Virginia Great Plains Grand Canyon Cape Cod Middle East Blue Ridge Mountains the Sahara Watson Street

16. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize names of planets and other celestial bodies. Capitalize earth only when it refers to the planet, not with the definite article the. Venus and Mars are Earth’s closest planetary neighbors. The archaeologists dug deep into the hard, sandy earth.

17. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 716-71 • Capitalize the words north, south, east and west when they refer to a specific area of the country, or the world or whenthey are part of a proper name. Do not capitalize when they refer to compass points. The Midwest the South turn east north on James St. the West Coast south of the school the west entrance

18. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize the names of ships, planes, trains, and spacecraft. U.S.S. Constitution Spirit of St. Louis Challenger Apollo 11 the Mayflower the Concorde

19. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize the names of most historical events, eras, and calendar items. Reconstruction President’s Day Middle Ages Labor Day Battle of Gettysburg the Crusades World War II the Depression the Age of Reason the Dark Ages

20. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 716-71 • Capitalize the days of the week and the months, but not seasons. We met on a Monday in March; it was in the spring. I always enjoy the Fall Bluegrass Festival.

21. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize the names of deities, religions and their denominations and adherents, words referring to a supreme deity and religions books and events. God Greek gods Allah Jews Christianity Bible New Testament the Almighty the Son of God His word the Koran Buddha Qur’an

22. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 713-71 • Capitalize school courses that are the name of a language or the title of a specific course. Capitalize when followed by a number. English biology Biology II economics Spanish Illinois History algebra Advanced Algebra history AP History

23. Capitalization of Proper Nouns—p. 717-71 • Capitalize titles of works. The Odyssey the Gift of the Magi The Los Angeles Times Freebird

24. Capitalization of Proper Adjectives—p. 720-71 • Capitalize proper adjectives (adjectives formed form proper nouns). Napoleonic era Jacksonian ideals Victorian customs Marxist revolutionary Midwestern accent Israeli dances Hispanic studies European languages

25. Kinds Of Sentences!Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a statement. A declarative sentence ends with a period.Example: The house will be built on a hill.Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a question. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.Example: How did you find the card?Exclamatory - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.Example: The monster is attacking!Imperative - An imperative sentence gives a command. Example: Cheryl, try the other door.Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is understood.Example: Look in the closet. (You, look in the closet.)

26. Period—p. 733 • Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence and at the end of an imperative sentence that is a polite command or request. Track practice is held after school. Please sign up for two track events. Will you please be quiet.

27. Exclamation Point, p. 734 • Use an exclamation point to show strong feeling and indicate a forceful command. Oh, no! Look out! What lovely weather! Hurrah! Wake up! Get going! We just won the national championship. I think that large truck is going to hit us.

28. Question Mark, p. 735 • Use a question mark to indicate a direct question. Which call should I answer first? • Not after an indirect question. I wondered why such a document was needed.

29. Colon: p. 737 • Use a colon to introduce a list, especially after a statement that uses the following, as follows, such as these. Do not use a colon after a verb. The science test next Friday will cover these items: the circulatory system, the digestive system, and the nervous system. The items he requested were a hammer, screwdriver, nails and screws.

30. Colon: p. 737 • Use a colon to introduce material that illustrates, explains, or restates the preceding material. A complete sentence following a colon is capitalized. I often wish that my parents had had more than one child: They worry too much about me.

31. Colon: p. 737 • Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation. A formal quotation is often preceded by such words as this, these, the following or as follows. Mrs. Hopkins asked us to write an essay on the following African saying: “It is the rainy season that gives wealth.”

32. Colon: p. 737 • Poetry quotations of more than one line and prose quotations of more than four or five lines are generally written below the introductory statement and indented on the page. In his long poem The Other Pioneers, Roberto Felix Salazar describes some of this nation’s early settlers: Now I must write Of those of mine who rode these plains Long years before the Saxon and the Irish came

33. Colon: p. 739 • Use a colon between the hour and the minute of the precise time, between the chapter and the verse in biblical references, and after the salutation of a business letter. 12:30 p.m. 12 p.m. Genesis 7:20-24 Dear Sir: Dear Sir or Madam:

34. Semicolon; p. 740 • Use a semicolon to separate main clauses that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, and for.) Paul Robeson was an excellent singer and actor; he was also a talented football player. Paul Robeson was a excellent singer and actor, and he was also a talented football player.

35. Semicolon; p. 740 • Use a semicolon to separate main clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore and subsequently) or by an expression such as for example or that is. Robeson appeared in many plays and musicals; for example, he starred in Othello and Porgy and Bess. Robeson appeared in Show Boat in 1926; subsequently, he acted in the films Jericho and Song of Freedom.

36. Semicolon; p. 741 • Use as semicolon to separate the items in a series when the items contain commas. Available tickets for the game are Monday, April 2; Saturday, May 13; Tuesday, May 24; and Thursday, June 11.

37. Semicolon; p. 741 • Use a semicolon to separate two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction when the clauses already contain several commas. The rule of Mansa Musa, the Moslem emperor of the African kingdom of Mali from 1312 to 1337, is remembered for military success, trade expansion, and scholarship; but this period is probably most noteworthy as a golden age of peace and prosperity.

38. Commas, p. 743 • Use commas between the main clauses in a compound sentence. Use before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, yet, or for) that joins two main clauses. I am not going to the concert, for I am too busy. Many of the prospectors searched for years, but others struck gold immediately.

39. Commas, p. 743 • You may omit the comma between very short main clauses that are connected by a coordinating conjunction unless the comma is needed to avoid confusion. Mara washed the dishes and Jim dried them. We visited Miami and the Everglades are next. We visited Miami, and the Everglades are next.

40. Commas, p. 743 • Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series. A chair, a table, and a sofa were the room’s only furnishings. • No commas are necessary when all of the items are connected by conjunctions. It was a sunny and hot and humid day in July.

41. Commas, p. 743 • Nouns that are used in pairs (thunder and lightning, table and chairs, bread and butter) are usually considered single units and should not be used separated by commas. If such pairs appear with other nouns or groups of nouns in a series, they must be set off from the other items in the series. My favorite breakfast is bacon and eggs, toast, and milk.

42. Commas, p. 743 • Place a comma between coordinate adjectives that precede a noun. A coordinate adjective modifies a noun equally. To determine if a word is a coordinate adjective, replace the comma with and. Pepper is a good, obedient, gentle dog. Pepper is a good and obedient and gentle dog.

43. Commas, p. 743 • Do not use a comma between adjectives preceding a noun if they sound unnatural with their order reversed or with and between them. Adjectives that describe size, shape, age, and material don’t need commas. Janie grew up in a small white frame house. Janie grew up in a frame small white hours. Janie grew up in a small and white and frame house.

44. Commas, p. 743 • Commas may be needed between some of the adjectives in a series but not between others. I like to read in our bright, cozy family room. I like to read in our bright and cozy family room. I like to read in our bright and cozy and family room.

45. Commas, p. 745 • Use commas to set off phrases if they are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. She watched, puzzled, as the man in the yellow hat drove away. A customer, complaining loudly, stepped up to the counter.

46. Commas, p. 743 • Do not set off phrases if they are essential to the meaning of the sentence. The man standing by the door is my father. My mother’s car is the one parked in the driveway. She went to medical school to become doctor.

47. Commas, p. 745 Nonessential clause— Atlanta, which is the capital of Georgia, is the transportation center of the Southeast. Essential clause— People who are afraid of heights do not like to look down from balconies or terraces.

48. Commas, p. 746 • Use commas to set off interjections (such as Oh and well), parenthetical expressions (such as on the contrary, on the other hand, in fact, by the way, to be exact, and after all), and conjunctive adverbs (such as however, moreover, and consequently). Well, we’d better be going home Oh, I don’t know. We have to leave, unfortunately.

49. Commas, p. 747 • Use a comma to set off most introductory phrases. To those outside, the house appeared deserted. At the last moment we decided not to go. Sitting in a tree, my sister called to us.

50. Commas, p. 747 • A comma after a short introductory prepositional phrase is not incorrect, but the only time it is necessary is if the sentence might be misread without the comma. Among those running, women were well represented. Before the election the candidates will participate in two debates.