AVIATION HISTORY

1. AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 3: Basic Aircraft By: Zuliana Ismail

3. Types of airplane and their uses Commercial airplane • Scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying both passengers and cargo. • The larger passenger-carrying types are often referred to as airliners • Some of the smaller types are also used in general aviation Passenger/ Cargo Aircraft Airbus A380

4. Types of airplane and their uses Military • Fighters and bombers (shooting, combat) • Search and rescue, reconnaissance (spying), observation transport, and tanker aircraft among others. Fighter Aircraft

5. Military airplane Refueling an airplane in mid-air Black Widow World’s Smallest Spy Aircraft Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber

6. Types of airplane and their uses General and Private • General- Business jets , trainers, aerobatic types, racers, gliders, firefighters, medical transports, and cargo transports. • Private-Light passenger, business, or recreational types. • Used for a wide range of commercial tasks, such as flight training, policing, crop spraying, and medical evacuations.

7. Private Aircraft Tiltrotor plane’s Crop Spraying Medical Evacuations

8. Types of airplane and their uses Experimental aircraft • Built and used to explore some aspect of aircraft design. • The Bell X-1 rocket plane, which first broke the sound barrier (travel more than speed of sound-supersonic) in level flight, is a famous example. X-15

9. Major Parts of Airplane EMPENNAGE FUSELAGE WING ENGINE

10. Parts of an Airplane Fuselage: • Basic structure of the airplane to which wings, empennage and landing gear are attached. • It is designed to hold passengers, crews & cargo. Empennage (tail): • Consists of vertical stabilizer & horizontal stabilizer. • It provides the greatest stabilizing influence of all the components of an airplane.

11. Parts of an Airplane Engine: • Provides the thrust necessary for powered flight. • The types of engine depends on the mission requirements of the airplane. Wing • The wing is an airfoil attached to the fuselage and is designed to produce lift. • It may contain fuel cells, engine nacelles and landing gear. • Airplane control surfaces (aileron, flaps, slat and spoiler) also attached on it.

12. High Wing: Wing on top (very stable) Mid Wing: Wing in middle (acrobatic) Low Wing: Wing on bottom (less drag) Wing

13. Parts of an Airplane Landing gear : • The landing gear can be fixed in place or retractable. • Many small airplanes have fixed landing gear which increases drag, but keeps the airplane lightweight. • Larger, faster and more complex aircraft have retractable landing gear that can reduced weight. • Most planes today use what is called a tricycle landing gear arrangement. • This system has two large main gear units located near the middle of the plane and a single smaller nose gear unit near the nose of the aircraft.

14. Parts of an Airplane Cockpit/ Flight Deck • Front part of the fuselage and contains all the instruments needed to fly the plane. • The cockpits have hardened doors, securing them from unauthorized persons during flight, takeoffs and landings. Cabin • Section of the fuselage for passengers, cargo, or both. A typical passenger cabin has galleys for food preparation; lavatories; one or more seating compartments & etc Cargo • Below the passenger deck where cargo and baggage are carried.

15. Boeing 747 Elevator Rudder Aileron Rudder Flaps

16. Primary Control Surfaces • Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wing tips. • Provide roll control- Roll the aircraft to the right or left. • Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tail • Provide pitch control-Nosing the aircraft up and down. • Rudder: vertical surface located on the tail • Provide yaw control- turning the aircraft to the left or right.

17. Additional Control Surfaces Flaps: • A movable control surface on the aircraft wing, used to change the amount of lift generated. • Flaps deflect downward during take-off & landing to increase lift. • Flaps retracted immediately after landing to decrease lift. Slats: • A movable control surface on the aircraft wing, also used to change the amount of lift generated. • Slats enable the airplane to get off the ground quickly and to land more slowly.

18. Additional Control Surfaces Spoilers: • Located on the upper wing which, when opened, decreases lift and increases drag. • They reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the top of the wing. • They are used during the descend prior to landing and immediately after landing. Spoiler

19. Basic Aircraft

20. 4 Forces acted on an airplane

21. 1. Thrust The force that moves the aircraft through the air. Generate by the engine 2. Lift This force is generated by the flow of air around the airplane especially to the wing. Amount of lift generated depends on airspeed, angle of attack, airfoil shape, wing area. 4 Forces acted on airplane

22. Lift Equation • ρ=density, V=velocity, S = wing area, Cl=coefficient of lift (vary wit h AoA). • In designing an aircraft wing, it is better to get the higher coefficient of lift. • Coefficient of lift is vary with angle of attack. • That’s why by changing the angle of attack, the amount of generated lift can be adjusted.

23. Forces acted on Aircraft • Drag • Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft ‘feels’ as it moves through the air. • Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce drag. • Drag important during landing in order to slow down the aircraft. 4. Weight • Weight is the earth’s gravity pulls down on objects and gives them weight. • It includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the fuel.

24. Airplane can fly because……. • Four forces acted on the plane • Thrust generated by the engine • Lift force produced by airflow to the Wing. • Drag is air resistance • Weight is gravitational pull Boeing 747 Lift Thrust

25. How airplane flies? • There are actually four forces (thrust, lift, drag and weight) acting on airplane. • When taking off, the plane is moving at high speed on the runway due to the thrust generated by the engine. • As engines are attached to the wing of an airplane, its thrust will be applied to the airplane. • The airflows pass over the wings generate a lift force. • To allow the airplane take-off, Lift force must greater than the plane’s weight and thrust force must greater than the drag force .

26. How Lift is Created • As airplanes fly, air is pushed above and below their wings. • Due to the shape of the airfoil which is the top surface more curve than the below, makes the airflow travel faster over the top of the wing and slower below the wing. Lift Faster Airflow Slower Airflow

27. How airplane flies? • According to the Bernoulli’s principles ,an increase in velocity leads to a decrease in pressure. • So that, the air pressure below the wing is higher meanwhile the air pressure above the wing is lower. • This difference in pressure pushes the wings up. • And as both wings are attached on the fuselage, the whole airplane body also goes up. • If enough lift is created or lift is greater than the plane’s weight, the plane naturally lift into the air.

28. Airfoil Section Airfoil is the cross section of the wing that produces lift or any aerodynamic effect as it passes through the air. • Leading Edge: Front edge of wing • Trailing Edge: Back edge of wing • Camber: Center line between top and bottom of wing • Chord Line: Line connecting leading edge and trailing edge

29. Angle of Attack (AoA) • Relative wind: direction of the airstream in relation to airfoil. • Angle of Attack (AoA): Angle between the chord line and the relative wind

30. Angle of Attack (AoA) • The angle of attack (AoA) is related to the amount of lift. • AoA , Lift • It changes during a flight as the pilot changes the direction of the airplane. • Too high an AoA (exceed the critical value) can cause the airplane stalls. • Stall means airplane loss of LIFT force, thus the airplane may goes down.

31. Stall: Loss of lift caused by the breakdown of airflow over the wing the Angle of Attack (AoA) passes a critical point.

32. Airplane Stability and Control • Airplane can be controlled by their three axes, roll axis, pitch axis and yaw axis. As an airplane moves through the air, their three axes system also moves. • This movement can be described by the movement of its center of gravity.

33. 3 Main Control Surfaces • The main control surfaces for an airplane are the ailerons (for roll), elevators(for pitch) and rudder(for yaw). • Pilot control the movement of the airplane using the control sticks/ yokes and rudder pedals inside the cockpit. control yokes

34. Ailerons • Ailerons are used to roll or rotate the aircraft • When the pilot moves the control stick to the righttheright aileron moves up and the left aileron moves down. • This causes more lift on the left wing and less lift on the right wing. • The difference in forces causes the aircraft to roll to the right.

35. Elevator Elevators are used to pitch the aircraft up or down causing it to climb or dive To climb, the pilot pulls the control stick back causing the elevators to deflected up. This in turn causes the airflow to force the tail down and the nose up. To dive, the pilot pushes the control stick forward causing elevator to deflect down. This in turn causes the airflow to lift the tail up and nose down.

36. Rudder The rudder turns the aircraft right or left. On the vertical tail, the rudder moves from side to side, pushing the tail in a left or right direction. To turn right, the pilot steps on the right rudder pedals. This causes rudder tilt to the right . When rudder tilts to the right , more lift is created on the right, which pushes the vertical stabilizer to the left. This in turn causes the airplane nose turn right.