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HIPPOCRATES ca.460 B.C.- ca.370 B.C.

“FROM THE BRAIN AND THE BRAIN ALONE ARISE OUR PLEASURES, JOYS, LAUGHTER AND JESTS, AS WELL AS OUR SORROWS, PAINS AND GRIEFS”. HIPPOCRATES ca.460 B.C.- ca.370 B.C. BRAIN COMMUNICATION. IN OUR BRAINS, WE HAVE. 100 BILLION NEURONS. 13.5 MILLION NEURONS IN THE SPINAL CORD ALONE.

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HIPPOCRATES ca.460 B.C.- ca.370 B.C.

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  1. “FROM THE BRAIN AND THE BRAIN ALONEARISE OUR PLEASURES, JOYS, LAUGHTERAND JESTS, AS WELL AS OUR SORROWS, PAINS AND GRIEFS” HIPPOCRATES ca.460 B.C.- ca.370 B.C.

  2. BRAIN COMMUNICATION

  3. IN OUR BRAINS, WE HAVE 100 BILLION NEURONS

  4. 13.5 MILLION NEURONS IN THE SPINAL CORD ALONE

  5. A SINGLE NEURON MAY HAVE UP 10,000 SYNAPSES SO THERE COULD BE ABOUT 1 QUADRILLION SYNAPSES IN THE BRAIN

  6. MESSAGES IN THE NEURONS TRAVEL THROUGH ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL IMPULSES

  7. NEURONS CAN FIRE OVER AND OVER AGAIN ON AN AVERAGE OF 300-400 TIMES A SECOND

  8. CERTAIN IMPULSES MAY TRAVEL UP TO 250 MILES PER HOUR

  9. DENDRITES (SHORT FIBERS) RECEIVE THE MESSAGE FROM A CELL WHICH IS SENT THROUGH THE CELL BODY AND THROUGH THE AXON (LONG FIBERS)

  10. THE AXON CARRIES THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE TO THE AXON TERMINAL WHERE NEURO- TRANSMITTERS ARE LOCATED.

  11. SOME NEURONS MAY BE 3 FEET LONG !

  12. NO NEURONS TOUCH EACH OTHER. THE SMALL SPACE SEPARATING THEM IS CALLED A SYNAPSE. THE ELECTRICAL MESSAGE CANNOT JUMP ACROSS THE SYNAPSE SO THE MESSAGE IS SENT THROUGH A CHEMICAL MESSAGE CALLED A NEUROTRANSMITTER.

  13. THE CHEMICAL MESSAGE IS THEN RECEIVED BY THE DENDRITE OF THE NEXT CELL WHICH TRIGGERS AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE THROUGH THE RECEIVING CELL

  14. IN ADDITION, THERE ARE ABOUT ONE TRILLION GLIAL CELLS IN THE BRAIN

  15. GLIAL CELLS DO NOT SEND ELECTROCHEMICAL SIGNALS LIKE NEURONS. THEY SUPPORT THE NEURONS IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS: THEY ARE 10 TIMES MORE NUMEROUS THAN NEURONS

  16. GLIAL CELLS PROVIDE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT PROVIDE NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT HELP WITH CELL MAINTENANCE

  17. CONNECTS SENSORY NEURONS AND MOTOR NEURONS

  18. S ensory neurons A fferent neurons M otor neurons E fferent neurons

  19. NEUROTRANSMITTERS • ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)-basic bodily processes like movement • Botulism shuts off release of ACH • DOPAMINE – control of body movement, mood (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s) (some schizophrenics have excess) • ENDORPHINS – relieves pain increases sense of well-being (morphine within) • SEROTONIN-plays role in mood, body temperature, sleep

  20. WE HAVE KNOWN ABOUT ELECTRICAL MESSAGES FOR MANY YEARS, p.58 BUT OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS IS RELATIVELY NEW. SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED OVER 300 NEUROTRANSMITTERS. SOME ARE: GLUTAMATE DOPAMINE ACETYLCHOLINE ENDORPHINS NOREPHENEPRHINE GABA (GLAN) SEROTONIN (DEGA Star) EXCITATORYINHIBITORY

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