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Body Composition

Body Composition. Applied Exercise Physiology Chapter 16 “Most obese persons will not stay in treatment. Of those who stay in treatment, most will not lose weight, and of those who do lose weight, most will regain it.” –Dr. Albert Stunkard (obesity specialist, University of Pennsylvania).

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Body Composition

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  1. Body Composition Applied Exercise Physiology Chapter 16 “Most obese persons will not stay in treatment. Of those who stay in treatment, most will not lose weight, and of those who do lose weight, most will regain it.” –Dr. Albert Stunkard (obesity specialist, University of Pennsylvania)

  2. Multicomponent Model • Atomic • Molecular levels • Cellular • Tissue • Whole Body Behnke’s Reference (p.562) • Men have more muscle, bone, & other tissues • women have more fat

  3. Breakdown… • Fat Free body mass- in vitro; all possible fat removed • Lean body mass—in vivo; constant water, organic matter, & mineral content • Lean Body Mass • Muscle (43% men; 36% women) • Bone (15%men; 12% women) • Other tissues (25% men & women) • Body Fat • Essential Fat (3% men; 12% women)— • Child bearing/hormone differences • Anything lower than this cannot maintain healthy function • Storage Fat (14% men; 15% women) • Averages (12% for men & 15% for women) • High risk of disease (+25% men; +32% women)

  4. Underweight • Reasons for low body fat in distance runners: • Reduces energy cost of running • Easier to get rid of metabolic heat…no fat= no place to store heat • Thin appearance does not equal healthy

  5. Female Athlete Triad • What is The Triad? • Energy Deficit or Disordered Eating • Menstrual Disturbances or Amenorrhea • Bone Loss or Osteoporosis

  6. FAT- Information Symptoms Risks Playing sports that require weight checks Social isolation due to sporting activities Exercising more than necessary for a sport Pressure to “win at all costs” Punitive consequences for weight gain Controlling parents and/or coaches Being a gymnast, figure skater, ballet dancer, distance runner, swimmer or diver where undue emphasis is placed on having a low body weight and a lean physique • Irregular or absent menstrual cycles • Always feeling tired and fatigued • Problems sleeping • Stress fractures and frequent or recurrent injuries • Often restricting food intake • Constantly striving to be thin • Eating less than needed in an effort to improve performance or physical appearance • Cold hands and feet

  7. FAT Prevention • Remind your athletes that eating is an important part of successful training and performance. • Focus on health and a positive body image, do NOT focus on body weight. • Support athletes throughout their training and competition, as well as during their everyday life. • Mobilize available resources - nutritionists, athletic trainers, counselors, and physicians.

  8. Approach 1: Direct Assessment Chemical solution Physical dissection Time, meticulous details, special equipment, ethical questions, legal issues Most detailed of these in 1984 (25 cadavers) ATFW {adipose tissue-free weight} =whole body mass-dissectible adipose tissue that contains 83% pure fat • dissolves the body into fat & nonfat components • P. 566 Figure 16.4…Main components similar. BF can vary. (5 cadavers) • Ash= total major & trace mineral content Muscle= 52% M 48.1% F Bone= 19.9% M 21.3% F Avg. proportion of ATFW (M&F)= 8.5% skin, 50% muscle, 20.6% bone Indirect

  9. Approach 2: Indirect Estimation Hydrostatic weighing • Archimedes’ Principle p.567 • Specific gravity (ratio of an object’s mass to an equal volume of water)= weight in air/loss of weight in water • Density (the distribution of a quantity (as mass, electricity, or energy) per unit usually of space) • Bod Pod- displacement of air to get body density & then use Siri Equation • Siri Equation calculates %BF from whole body density%BF=495/body density-450 Limits

  10. Hydrostatic Limitations • Equations are for young & middle aged adults • B/c of water & mineral contents (growth period & osteoporosis), BF% usually overestimated • African Americans & Hispanics have larger FFM densities than Whites (1.113g*cm-3 African Americans, 1.105 Hispanic, & 1.100 Whites) Table 16.2 & 16.3 (p570) give modifications for different groups • Siri Equation modification for African Americans: %BF=437.4/body density -392.8 • RLV= • Greatest source of error in hydrostatic weighing, but requires people & supplies…and money. • Estimations based on age, stature, etc. the best (p572) RLV

  11. RLV Greatest source of error in hydrostatic weighing, but requires people & supplies…and money. Estimations based on age, stature, etc. the best (p572) Males (normal wt.)= (0.022 X age) + (0.0198 X Stature in cm) – (0.015 X body mass in kg) – 1.54 Females (normal wt.) = (0.007X age) + (0.0268 X stature in cm) – 3.42 Overweight M & F (%BF of +25M or +30F)= (0.0167 X age) + (0.0130 X body mass in kg) + (0.0185 X stature in cm) – 3.3413 1 in = 2.54 cm….1 cm=0.3937in Indirect Con’t

  12. Approach 2: Indirect Estimation • Skinfold thickness • Caliper (1930) • Expensive versions exert constant tension • Take measurement in 2 seconds of applying caliper. • Girth measurements • X-ray • Total-body electrical conductivity/impedance • Near-infared interactance • Ultrasound • Computed tomography • Air plethysmography [pluh-thiz-muh-gram] • Magnetic resonance imaging • Dual-energy x-ray absorptionmetry % Body Fat

  13. % Body Fat • Averages • 12-15% Men • 25-28% Women • Borderline Obesity • Men +20% • Older Men +25% • Women +30% • Older Women +37% • Morbidly Obese (385-600 lbs) • Can be +55% Fat Pattern

  14. Fat Patterning • Differs for everyone • Some fat cells accumulate • Some gather & release • Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) Risks • Android obesity- increase disease risks • Gynoid obesity- less risk of disease • Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) • Compliments BMI • 2nd Dimension of Obesity • .80 women; .95 men = excessive VAT Fat Cells

  15. Fat Cell Size & Number • Increase in adipose tissue: • Hypertrophy- cells fill with fat • Hyperplasia- increase in number • Determined only by sample and chemical analysis • Morbid obesity caused by • Hyperplasia • Cells can only increase so much in size In/Out Ratio

  16. Intake/Output Equation • 3500 calories = 1 pound stored body fat • Decrease intake; same PA • Same intake; increase PA • Decrease intake; increase PA • +100 cal/day= +10.4 lb/yr = +52 lbs/5yrs • -100 cal/day & -100 cal PA = -200 cal & -21 lb/year • Intake estimates +/- 10% Do Math

  17. Calculate Your Intake Needs • Pg. 602 • Did you get a number that was too high or too low? Why?

  18. NOVA: Dying to Be Thin • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rgk5pLLauBM • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWPyVbHbV9k • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH4NKhqai-o • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrcgA90Om64 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=douxkEN2VOc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLMBYHEAwJo PHOTOSHOP EFFECT • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP31r70_QNM • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ovpd5O6M8tQ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jID2uIFrdj8 • EX: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsiQptl_Y9E

  19. Computing Body Fat (%BF) Worksheet Get out your calculators!

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