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Body Composition

Chapter 18. Body Composition. Methods of Determining If an Individual Is Obese. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s height/weight tables Percentage above recommended weight Body mass index (BMI) Problems w/ these methods. Body Composition Measurement. Total body water (TBW)

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Body Composition

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  1. Chapter 18 Body Composition

  2. Methods of Determining If an Individual Is Obese • Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s height/weight tables • Percentage above recommended weight • Body mass index (BMI) • Problems w/ these methods

  3. Body Composition Measurement • Total body water (TBW) • Isotope dilution • Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) • Bone density • Photon absorptiometry • Lean tissue mass • Potassium-40 • Whole body Density • Underwater weighing • Thickness of various tissues • Skinfolds • Ultrasound • Radiography

  4. Models of Body Composition • 2-component • 3-component • 4-component

  5. The 2-component Model • Underwater weighing • Based on Db • Use equation to convert Db to %fat based on age, gender & race • Skinfolds • Thickness of subcutaneous fat is measured

  6. Underwater Weighing

  7. Body Fatness for Health & Fitness • Recommended BF • Males • Females • Health concerns

  8. Primary contributing factor Secondary contributing factor Endometrial cancer Associated w/ (not caused by obesity) Obesity As a Risk Factor

  9. Obesity:Definition & Prevalence • Definition • Men • Women • Prevalence in U.S.

  10. Obesity:Benefits of Weight Loss • Obesity is associated w/: • If everyone achieved optimal weight

  11. Obesity:Fat Cell Size vs. # • 25 billion fat cells in normal-weight individual

  12. Obesity:Fat Cell Size & #

  13. Obesity: Genetic & Cultural Factors • Genetic factors • Cultural factors

  14. Set Point & Obesity • The tendency of an individual to return to a certain weight following weight loss suggests there is a biological set point for body weight • Physiological set point model • Cognitive set point model

  15. Physiological Set Point

  16. ∆ of energy stores energy intake energy expenditure - = rate of ∆ of energy stores rate of ∆ of energy intake rate of ∆ of energy expenditure = - Energy Balance • Static energy balance • Dynamic energy balance

  17. Nutrient Balance • CHO & PRO • Fat

  18. The Food Quotient • Food quotient (FQ) • Respiratory quotient (RQ)

  19. The FQ, RQ & Nutrient Balance • RQ = FQ • RQ > FQ • RQ < FQ

  20. Diet & Weight Control • Diets high in fat are linked to obesity • Calories count & must be considered!

  21. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) • Rate of EE under standardized conditions • Represents 60-75% total EE • Reduced in response to reduced caloric intake (dieting or fasting)

  22. Thermogenesis • “Heat generation” associated w/: • Ingestion of meals (thermic effect of feeding) • Brown adipose tissue • “Futile cycles” • Metabolic cycles (NA+/K+ pump activity)

  23. Physical Activity

  24. Effect of Exercise on Appetite • Most humans

  25. Exercise & Body Composition • Individuals who exercise generally have lower body weight & %fat • Weight loss in conjunction w/ exercise

  26. Weight Loss vs. Weight Maintenance • Weight loss • Weight maintenance • Light to moderate exercise • Moderate exercise • Vigorous exercise

  27. Diet, Exercise, & Weight Control • Energy and nutrient balance is more easily achieved on a low fat diet • Exercise s the chance that energy balance will be achieved • Exercise promotes health-related benefits • d fitness, HDL cholesterol

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