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Detectors

Detectors. 1. 2. Quantum memory for entangled states of light. Experiment H. Krauter W. Wasilewski K.Jensen B.Metholt-Nielsen T. Fernholz. Theory M. Owari A. Serafini M. Plenio M. Wolf. To appear in Nature Phys. arXiv:1002.1920. Fidelity exceeds the classical benchmark

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Detectors

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  1. Detectors 1 2 Quantum memory for entangled states of light Experiment H. Krauter W. Wasilewski K.Jensen B.Metholt-Nielsen T. Fernholz Theory M. Owari A. Serafini M. Plenio M. Wolf To appear in Nature Phys. arXiv:1002.1920

  2. Fidelity exceeds the classical benchmark memory can preserve entanglement Classical benchmark fidelity for state transfer for different classes of states: Coherent states (2005) N-dimentional Qubits (1982-2003) NEW! Displaced squeezed states (2008)

  3. ξ-1 Best classical fidelity vs degree of squeezing for arbitrary displaced states ξ-1 – squeezed variance ξ-1 Squeezed states – classical benchmark fidelity: M.Owari et al New J. Phys. 2008

  4. Two-mode squeezed = EPR entangled mode Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement 0 7.6 3.8 6 dB SHG OPO

  5. Storing ± Ω modes in superpositions of atomic Zeeman coherences ~ 1000 MHz MF = 5,4,3 MF = -3 MF = 4 - 320 kHz 320 kHz MF = -4 MF = 3

  6. We don’t have infinite time (decoherence!). Measure transmitted light. Stop at and apply feedback conditioned on measurement result Time → ∞ Input-output relations atoms light Feedback magnetic coils Cesium atoms

  7. After the feedback with optimal gain the memory operators become: Swap, squeezing and feedback in one protocol

  8. CV entangled states stored with F > Fclassical 1 msec storage

  9. ω12 • Frequency of atomic • transition as • standard of time Entanglement assisted atom clock Appel et al, PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Science(2009) 106:10960-10965

  10. Jz~X Jy~P Uncorrelated atoms: Projection noise Two level atom of a clock as a quasi-spin F=4 mF =0 ω12 = 9,192,631,770 Hz Cs clock levels: hyperfine ground states F=3 mF =0 Jx Measurable atomic operator

  11. π/2 pulse π/2 pulse Ramsey fringes Ramsey method – a way to determine ω12 N2 ω12 N1

  12. < Spin squeezed state Coherent spin state: PROJECTION NOISE Jz 0 Spin squeezed state of atomic ensemble δJ2z = ½N Jx Measurement of the population difference Nindependent atoms

  13. Z Entangled atoms Entangled state cannot be written as a product of individual atom states Metrologically relevant spin squeezing = entanglement Angular uncertainty of the spin defines metrological significance Wineland et al 1992 Uncorrelated atoms (coherent spin state)

  14. Atomic clock with spin squeezed atoms

  15. An ideal QND measurement • Conserves one quantum variable (operator P) • 2. Channels the backaction of the measurement • into the conjugate variable X • 3. Yields information about the P ω12 Our goal – measure the population difference in a QND way to generate a spin squeezed state Proposal by Kuzmich, Bigelow, Mandel in 1999. Quantum Nondemolition Measurement (QND) and Spin Squeezing A measurement changes the measured state standard QM textbook

  16. QND of atomic population difference Atomic signal CESIUM LEVEL SCHEME 6P3/2 F=5 251 MHz F=4 201 MHz F=3 152 MHz F=2 In canonical variables: 6P1/2 F=4 1.17 GHz 852nm F=3 F=4 6S1/2 9.192 GHz F=3 Ideally no spontaneous emission nondemolition measurement of population difference Balanced photocurrent: Probe shot noise

  17. Interferometry on a pencil-shaped atomic sample (dipole trapped Cs atoms T= 100 microK, 200.000 atoms)

  18. QND measurement of atomic population difference Atomic signal Probe shot noise Atoms Interferometer measured phase shift around balanced position:

  19. CESIUM LEVEL SCHEME 6P3/2 Maximal spin squeezing scales as 1/ d F=5 251 MHz F=4 201 MHz F=3 152 MHz F=2 6P1/2 F=4 1.17 GHz 852nm F=3 F=4 6S1/2 Maximum spin squeezing scales as 1/d 9.192 GHz F=3 Monochromatic versus bichromatic QND measurement D. Oblak, J. Appel, M. Saffman, EP PRA 2009

  20. Juergen Appel Patrick Windpassinger Ulrich Hoff Niels Kjaergaard Daniel Oblak

  21. Step 1:coherent spin state preparation

  22. Outcome: Best guess for second measurement First probe pulse: STEPS 2 and 3: generation and verification of spin squeezed state via QND measurement

  23. Experimental parameters Up to 2*105 atoms probed 80 microns 55 microns Resonant optical depth up to 30 Optimal decoherence parameter η=0.2 Optimal photon number per QND 2*107 Expected projection noise reduction about 6 dB State lifetime ~ 0.2 msec

  24. Two probe pulses Visibility reduction is (1-η) Determination of QND-induced decoherence η

  25. Spin squeezing and entanglement Shot noise of QND probe J. Appel, P. Windpassinger, D. Oblak, U. Hoff, N. Kjærgaard, and E.S. Polzik. PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Science(2009)106:10960-10965

  26. Our result Multiparticle entanglement of an atom clock Multiparticle entanglement of a spin squeezed state 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 Sørensen, Mølmer, PRL 2001 Sanders et al

  27. Can entanglement be created by dissipation? Collaboration with I. Cirac and C. Muschik

  28. Nonlocal Lindblad equation for dissipation ~ 1000 MHz MF = 5,4,3 MF = 4 MF = -4 320 kHz MF = -3 MF = 3 Standard form of Lindblad equation for dissipation

  29. Collective decoherence operators drive two ensembles into steady state EPR entangled (2-mode squeezed) state Driving field

  30. Fast collective decoherence Slow single atom decoherence Time, msec theory data data

  31. Conclusions Quantum state engineering and measurement allows for unprecedented precision of sensing Sub-femtotesla magnetometry with 1012 entangled atoms Entanglement assisted cold atom clock Entanglement assisted metrology and sensing is a part of Quantum Information Science

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