Ecology

1. Ecology

2. What is Ecology? • Ecomeans environment • Logymeans the study of So, ecology is the study of environment What is an environment made of? • Living things (organisms) • Non-living things

3. Ecology- the study of interactions among _________ and between ___________ and their environment. organisms organisms living things Biotic factors- ________ _______ that influence other things in the ecosystem. Non-living Abiotic factors- __________ ________ that have an impact on the ecosystem. things

4. Can you use what we just learned in an activity? List the biotic and abiotic factors in each picture: 2 1 4 3

5. Warm-up: Answer in notebook • Ecology is the study of ___________________________. • An environment is made up of _______________ and ___________. • __________ factors are living things. • __________ factors are non-living things.

6. Levels of Organization 1. Biosphere- Portions of the planet in which life exists (largest) 2. Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate & communities (desert, grassland, ocean, etc.) 3. Ecosystem- collection of living & nonliving things in one area 4. Communities- groups of different populations in the same area (mice, deer, grass, snakes, hawks, trees) 5. Populations-groups of the same species 6. Species-similar organisms that interbreed (smallest)

7. Levels of Organization

8. Energy Flow sunlight • ________ is the main energy source for life on earth. autotrophs ___________- (_________) organisms that can produce their own food(plants, some bacteria, some protists) producers heterotrophs ____________- (__________) organisms that rely on other organisms for food, consumers(animals, bacteria, protists) consumers

9. Types of Consumers Herbivores _____________- eat only plants Carnivore ____________- eat only animals Omnivore ___________- eat both plants & animals

10. Energy Flow Detritivores/Scavengers ______________________- organisms that eat dead organisms & clean up the environment(vultures, hyenas, earthworms, snails, crabs) ____________- organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organisms and waste(fungi, bacteria) decomposers

11. Warm-up: Answer in Notebook Abiotic factors • The pictures below are _________ ________. • 2. The pictures below are _________ _________. • 3. Organisms that make their own food are called _________________. • 4. Organisms that consume their food are called _________________. Biotic factors autotrophs heterotrophs

12. Energy Flow: Food Chains Trophic levels- energy levels within the food chain 1. Producers- make food 2. Primary consumers- eat producers 3. Secondary consumers- eat primary consumers 4. Tertiary consumers- eat secondary consumers Food Chain = small series of organisms and how they transfer energy. Plankton  Crustaceans  Fish  Seals

13. Energy Flow: Food Webs Food Web- all the food chains within an ecosystem

14. Assignment • Work in your lab groups. • Construct the following on the paper provided: 1. A food chain (with pictures & names of each organism, label each trophic level) 2. A food web ( with pictures or names)

15. Ecological Pyramids Biomass- total amount of living tissue within a trophic level • Only about 10 % of available energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

16. Assignment • Review Safety Symbols (Inside cover of book) • Complete Inquiry Activity on p. 62 of Biology book.

17. Focus: Answer in notebook Trophic levels • The different energy levels in a food chain are called _______ ________. • How much energy is available to the next level on an ecological pyramid? ____ • In the food web below, which organism is both a primary & secondary consumer? 10 % snake cricket grass bird

18. Outdoor Exploration 1. On a piece of paper, list examples of the following that you see outside: a. abiotic factors (x 3) b. biotic factors (x 3) c. autotrophs (x3) d. heterotrophs (x 1) e. population (x 1) 2. Collect the following for your group ecosystem: grass, sticks, soil, rocks)

19. Symbiotic Relationships __________- when one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Example: a tapeworm obtains nutrients from an organism’s intestines. ___________- when both organisms benefit from each other. Example: the cleaner fish eats the bacteria and parasites off of the moray eel

20. Symbiotic Relationships ____________- when one species benefits, and the other is unaffected. Example: A bird uses a tree for it’s shelter, which neither helps or harms the tree.

21. Succession __________- is the series of changes that occurs in a community over time. ________ - occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. _______________- is when something disturbs a community and it changes.

22. Limits To Growth _______________- are factors that cause population growth to decrease. __ types. 1. __________________- depend on the population size (competition, predation, parasitism, disease) 2. ___________________- affect all populations, regardless of populations size (weather, natural disasters, human activities)