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Animal Body Plans

Lecture 021. Animal Body Plans. Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification. Cellular organization Symmetry Coelom Digestive system Segmentation Cephalization. Kingdom Animalia. Symmetry Unorganized Radial Bilateral Cellular organization Tissues, organs, systems.

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Animal Body Plans

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  1. Lecture 021 Animal Body Plans

  2. Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification Cellular organization Symmetry Coelom Digestive system Segmentation Cephalization

  3. Kingdom Animalia • Symmetry • Unorganized • Radial • Bilateral • Cellular organization • Tissues, organs, systems

  4. Kingdom Animalia coelom digestive tube • Coelom • Body cavity or not • Digestive system • None, 1 or 2 openings, how

  5. Kingdom Animalia • Segmentation • Repetition of body parts • Cephalization • Development of a “head end”

  6. What to Remember Match with common name General characteristics Special evolutionary features General evolutionary location

  7. Geologic Time Scale Millions of Years end of dinosaurs 1st dinosaur 1st reptiles 1st amphibians 1st land plants 1st fish 1st invertebrates

  8. Ediacaran Fauna: distinctive group of fossils dating from and existing only during Precambrian time • 600 mya • Australia's Ediacara Hills • Environment: shallow seas • Description: soft bodies; worms, cnideria • May be an evolutionary dead end

  9. Reconstruction of the sea floor during the Vendian times when the Ediacaran organisms thrived

  10. Ediacaran Fauna(600-540 MYBP)end of Precambrian era

  11. Ediacaran Seas Sea pens Mostly cnidarians and worms

  12. Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation (540 MYBP) Burgess Shale

  13. Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation(540 MYBP) Drawings based on fossils collected from Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada

  14. Burgess Shale Fauna(540 MYBP) Feeding tentacles Hallucigena spines Similar to a sea urchin An explosion of body plans

  15. Burgess Shale Fauna(540 MYBP) Pikaia- earliest known chordate

  16. Anomalocaris Burgess Shale Fauna(540-530 MYBP Opabinia Wiwaxia

  17. Living Invertebrates

  18. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Cnideria Nematoda Echinodermata pseudocoelom segmentation acoelom Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue Ancestral Protist

  19. Early Embryonic Development of an Animal

  20. Major Stages of Animal Development • gametogenesis • fertilization • cleavage • blastula • gastrulation • differentiation and morphogenesis

  21. Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals

  22. Protostome vs Deuterostome Blastula • Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth • Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus Blastopore

  23. What is a Phylum?

  24. Some Examples of Animal Phyla • Phylum Cnidaria • sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids • Phylum Mollusca • snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids • Phylum Arthropoda • spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes • Phylum Echinodermata • sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies • Phylum Chordata • sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals

  25. Phylum Chordata

  26. Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals • Symmetry • Primary Germ Layers • Gut Organization • Body Cavity • Segmentation • Skeletal Systems • Circulatory Systems • Appendages • Coloniality

  27. Symmetry • Asymmetry • Radial Symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry

  28. Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry

  29. Radial Symmetry JellyfishPhylum Cnidaria

  30. Pentamerous Radial Symmetry Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata

  31. Bilateral Symmetry SlugPhylum Mollusca

  32. Bilateral Symmetry SquidPhylum Mollusca

  33. Primary Germ Layers Mesoderm • None • Diploblastic • Triploblast gut Ectoderm Endoderm

  34. Fates of the Primary Germ Layers • Ectoderm • hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves • Mesoderm • notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle • Endoderm • internal lining of the gut and respiratory pathways, liver, pancreas

  35. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

  36. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

  37. Germ Layer Patterns Endoderm Diploblastic gut Ectoderm

  38. Diploblastic- two germ layers Phylum Cnidaria

  39. Germ Layer Patterns Mesoderm Triploblastic: 3 germ layers gut Ectoderm Endoderm acoelomate

  40. Gut Organization • No Gut • Blind Sac Gut • Complete Gut

  41. No Gut SpongesPhylum Porifera

  42. No Gut SpongesPhylum Porifera

  43. Blind Sac Gut Phylum Cnidaria

  44. Complete Gut

  45. Body Cavities • Acoelomate • Eucoelomate • Pseudocoelomate

  46. Body Cavities Mesoderm Acoelomate- lacks cavity between gut and outer body wall gut Ectoderm Endoderm

  47. Body Cavities coelom Mesoderm Eucoelomate- body cavity completely lined with mesoderm gut Ectoderm Endoderm

  48. Body Cavities pseudocoelom Mesoderm Pseudocoelomate: body cavity partially lined with mesoderm gut Endoderm Ectoderm

  49. Advantages of aFluid-Filled Body Cavity • hydrostatic skeleton • greater freedom for internal organs • greater body size because of body fluid circulation

  50. Segmentation

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