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Splash Screen. An Invitation to Sociology. Summary of Topics. The Sociological Perspective The Origins of Sociology Theoretical Perspectives. Click on a hyperlink to view a topic or click on the right arrow to proceed through the chapter. Chapter Overview 2. Define sociology

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. An Invitation to Sociology Summary of Topics • The Sociological Perspective • The Origins of Sociology • Theoretical Perspectives Click on a hyperlink to view a topic or click on the right arrow to proceed through the chapter Chapter Overview 2

  3. Define sociology Describe sociological perspective Distinguish sociology from other social sciences Objectives

  4. What are norms? What does it mean to violate norms? Behavior is shaped by custom and culture. Bell Ringer

  5. What is sociology? • The scientific study social structure (of human social behavior) What is unique about sociology? • The sociological perspective focuses not on the individual, but on the social, or group level. • Psychology deals with the individual Chapter 6

  6. The Sociological Perspective • Sociology is the scientific study of social structure. • look for the patterns in social relationships. • sociological imagination- the ability to see the link between society and self • You can benefit from this understanding when you look at how and why you make certain choices. Chapter 3

  7. A perspective is a particular point of view or a particular way of looking at an issue. Chapter 5

  8. Individual vs. Social Perspective

  9. Individual vs. Social Perspective

  10. Social structure is the patterned interaction of people in social relationships. -developed by Emile Durkheim -people’s behavior within a group setting can’t be predicted from their personal characteristics -something new is created -Denver wins super bowl -Texas A and M and University of Texas Chapter 8

  11. All groups encourage conformity Family and friends Occurs because members have been taught to value the group’s ways Conform even when their personal preferences are not the same Why do people conform?

  12. What is gained by using our sociological imagination? • an understanding of the effects of events on our daily lives • an improved ability to make decisions, rather than just conform Chapter 4

  13. The sociological imagination • questions common interpretations of human social behavior and • challenges conventional social wisdom Definitions: sociological imagination conventional social wisdom Chapter 4a

  14. The sociological imagination • questions common interpretations of human social behavior and • challenges conventional social wisdom sociological imagination: the ability to see the link between society and self Definitions: sociological imagination conventional social wisdom Chapter 4b

  15. The sociological imagination • questions common interpretations of human social behavior and • challenges conventional social wisdom conventional social wisdom: ideas people assume are true Definitions: sociological imagination conventional social wisdom Chapter 4c

  16. Illiteracy Rates “Nearly all American adults know how to read and write.” The map shows the percentage of Americans over 20 years old who are illiterate. • Is conventional social wisdom about illiteracy rates really wise or true? Support your answer. Chapter 4d

  17. The Social Sciences • Social science is a branch of learning that deals with human society. • It includes a number of disciplines, which we generally refer to as the social sciences. • These disciplines differ but they share enough in common to overlap. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences For more information on a particular branch of social science, select it from the tree. Chapter 7

  18. Anthropology • Anthropology investigates culture, the customary beliefs and material traits of groups. • It is the social science most closely related to sociology. • Anthropologists, however, concentrate on the study of preliterate societies (societies that do not use writing). • Sociologists focus on modern, industrial societies. • Anthropologists might study the division of work among family members in ancient Egypt. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences Chapter 7a

  19. Economics • Economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. • An area of research for an economist might be the annual income levels of American families. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences Chapter 7b

  20. History • History examines past events in human societies. • Historians generally rely on newspapers, historical documents, and oral histories as sources of information. • The nature of family life in colonial society is an example of something a historian might study. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences Chapter 7c

  21. Political Science • Political science investigates the organization, administration, history, and theory of government. • Political scientists are concerned, for example, with voting patterns and participation in political parties. • A political scientists might investigate the relationship between a family’s social class and voting behavior. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences Chapter 7d

  22. Psychology • Psychology investigates human mental and emotional processes. • While sociologists concentrate on the group, psychologists also study the development and functioning of the individual. • A psychologist might study the effects of birth order on emotional development. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences Chapter 7e

  23. Sociology • Sociology investigates human social behavior from a group rather than an individual perspective. • It concentrates on patterns of modern-day social relationships. • Sociologists might study the relationship between the employment of women and family size. History Political Science Economics Psychology Sociology Anthropology Social Sciences Chapter 7f

  24. Compare how someone studying individual behavior would explore alcohol abuse with how someone studying group behavior would approach the problem. Exploring why a person reacts in a particular way to alcohol abuse illustrates the study of individual behavior. Looking at socioeconomic factors that favor or discourage alcoholism is an example of the study of group behavior. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display the answer. Chapter 9

  25. The Origins of Sociology • Sociology is a young science. • It grew out of the writings of European scholars who were interested in bringing back a sense of community to society in the late 1800s. • After World War II, America took the lead in developing the field of sociology. • The majority of all sociologists are from the United States. Chapter 10

  26. Time Line of Early Sociologists  1959 C. Wright Mills publishes Sociological Imagination  1931 Jane Addams awarded Nobel Peace Prize  1904 Max Weber publishes The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism  1899 W.E.B. DuBois publishes The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study  1897 Emile Durkheimpublishes Suicide  1850 Herbert Spencerpublishes Social Statics  1848 Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto, promoting a classless society  1838 Auguste Comte’s book, Positive Philosophy, identifies science of sociology  Harriet Martineau publishes Society in America 1837 Select a sociologist, by clicking on their name, and view their contributions.. Chapter 11

  27. Jane Addams – early American sociologist • 1860–1935 • social reformer • co-founded Hull House in Chicago slums • awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 1931 • focused on problems caused by imbalance of power among social classes • active in women’s suffrage and peace movements Chapter 11a

  28. Auguste Comte–early French sociologist • 1798–1857 • father of sociology • first to advocate the scientific study of society • positivism– science based on knowledge of which we can be “positive” • distinguished between social stability (statics) and social change (dynamics) Chapter 11b

  29. W.E.B. DuBois–early American sociologist • 1868–1963 • African American educator and social activist • focused on the question of race inside and outside the United States • analyzed social structure of African American communities • active in Pan African movement, concerned with rights of all African descendents Chapter 11c

  30. Emile Durkheim–early French sociologist • 1858–1917 • first used statistical methods in study of human groups • first to teach university sociology course • showed human behavior to be explained by social factors rather than psychological ones Chapter 11d

  31. Harriet Martineau–early English sociologist • 1802–1876 • emphasized sociology as a science • translated Comte’s Positive Philosophy • introduced feminism into sociology • strong and outspoken supporter of both women and slaves Chapter 11e

  32. Karl Marx–early German sociologist • 1818–1883 • guided by principle that social scientists should try to change the world rather than merely study it • emphasized the role of class conflict in social change • writings were later used as a basis for communism Chapter 11f

  33. C. Wright Mills–early American sociologist • 1917–1962 • called the personal use of sociology “the sociological imagination” • first described emergence of strong middle class (White Collar, 1951) • published Power Elite, (1956) • father of student movement of 1960s Chapter 11g

  34. Herbert Spencer–early English sociologist • 1820–1903 • early proponent of Social Darwinism • opposed social reform; it interfered with process of natural selection • compared society to human body; composed of parts working together to promote its well-being Chapter 11h

  35. Max Weber–early German sociolgist • 1864–1920 • developed the concept of verstehen– understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others • identified rationalization as key to change from preindustrial to industrial society • pioneered techniques to prevent personal biases in research Chapter 11i

  36. Name the “giants” who helped to lay the foundation for the discipline of sociology and identify their contribution. Marx Mills DuBois Addams Weber Comte Durkheim Spencer Martineau Click on the names to view their contributions. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display the answer. Chapter 12

  37. Jane Addams – early American sociologist • 1860–1935 • social reformer • co-founded Hull House in Chicago slums • awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 1931 • focused on problems caused by imbalance of power among social classes • active in women’s suffrage and peace movements Chapter 12a

  38. Auguste Comte–early French sociologist • 1798–1857 • father of sociology • first to advocate the scientific study of society • positivism– science based on knowledge of which we can be “positive” • distinguished between social stability (statics) and social change (dynamics) Chapter 12b

  39. W.E.B. DuBois–early American sociologist • 1868–1963 • African American educator and social activist • focused on the question of race inside and outside the United States • analyzed social structure of African American communities • active in Pan African movement, concerned with rights of all African descendents Chapter 12c

  40. Emile Durkheim–early French sociologist • 1858–1917 • first used statistical methods in study of human groups • first to teach university sociology course • showed human behavior to be explained by social factors rather than psychological ones Chapter 12d

  41. Harriet Martineau–early English sociologist • 1802–1876 • emphasized sociology as a science • translated Comte’s Positive Philosophy • introduced feminism into sociology • strong and outspoken supporter of both women and slaves Chapter 12e

  42. Karl Marx–early German sociologist • 1818–1883 • guided by principle that social scientists should try to change the world rather than merely study it • emphasized the role of class conflict in social change • writings were later used as a basis for communism Chapter 12f

  43. C. Wright Mills–early American sociologist • 1917–1962 • called the personal use of sociology “the sociological imagination” • first described emergence of strong middle class (White Collar, 1951) • published Power Elite, (1956) • father of student movement of 1960s Chapter 12g

  44. Herbert Spencer–early English sociologist • 1820–1903 • early proponent of Social Darwinism • opposed social reform; it interfered with process of natural selection • compared society to human body; composed of parts working together to promote its well-being Chapter 12h

  45. Max Weber–early German sociolgist • 1864–1920 • developed the concept of verstehen– understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others • identified rationalization as key to change from preindustrial to industrial society • pioneered techniques to prevent personal biases in research Chapter 12i

  46. CONFLICTPERSPECTIVE SYMBOLICINTERACTIONISM FUNCTIONALISM Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives: Click the hyperlink to learn more about theoretical perspectives or click on a graphic to learn more about a particular type of theoretical perspective. Chapter 13

  47. FUNCTIONALISM Functionalism Emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society • Family, economy, religion- all parts • A change in one may lead to a change in another. • Most aspects of a society contribute to the society’s well-being and survival. • Society rests on the voluntary participation of its members. Chapter 13a

  48. Function- contribution made by some part of society Manifest function- intended and recognized Latent function- unintended, happens as a result In functionalism, there is consensus on values Accounts for high degree of cooperation in a society Functions

  49. CONFLICTPERSPECTIVE Conflict perspective Emphasizes the role of conflict, competition, change, and constraint within a society • Society experiences inconsistency and conflict everywhere. • Society is continually subjected to change. • Society involvesthe constraint and coercion of somemembers by others. Chapter 13b

  50. Central theme is power, who gets what Those with power control those without power Conflict Theory

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