Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computers: Hardware and Software

1. Welcome toCMPE003Personal Computers: Hardware and Software Dr. Chane Fullmer Fall 2002 UC Santa Cruz

2. Assignments No late assignments will be accepted 2nd HomeworkDue Now!!

3. Assignments • Homework #3 – Due October 18 • Design your own Webpage  • Keep in mind --- • The world at large will see your page • Don’t put private or sensitive information on your Webpage. • Details and sample – see class page – http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe003/Fall02/

4. Midterm #1 • Friday – October 11 • Chapters 1 – 5 • ~50 questions • Multiple choice • Bring Scantron form • #F-1712-ERI-L (big & pink) • Bring your student ID • Required to take exam

5. The Central Processing Unit:What Goes on Inside the Computer Chapter 4 Part b

6. Objectives • Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory • Describe how program instructions are executed by the computer • Explain how data is represented in the computer • Describe how the computer finds instructions and data • Describe the components of a microcomputer system unit’s motherboard • List the measures of computer processing speed and explain the approaches that increase speed

7. Number systems Binary Number: base 2 • on and off • 0,1 • ones=20, twos=21, fours=22, etc • 0000 0000 = 0 base 10 • 0000 0001 = 1 base 10 • 0000 0010 = 2 base 10 • 0000 0011 = 3 base 10 • 0000 1010 = 10 base 10

8. Binary Number System • We have 10 fingers • Computers have devices with 2 states ... 1000 100 10 1 ... 10^310^210^110^0 10011 the binary number 2^42^32^22^12^0 place values (1 * 2^4) + (0 * 2^3) + (0 * 2^2) + (1 * 2^1) + (1 * 2^0) = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19

9. Hexadecimal Numbers Hexadecimal Number: base 16 • alternative representation to binary • 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F • ones=160, sixteens=161, 256's=162, etc • translation of hex into binary • 0000 0000 = 0 base 16 = 0 base 10 • 0000 0001 = 1 base 16 = 1 base 10 • 0000 1010 = A base 16 = 10 base 10 • 0001 0000 = 10 base 16 = 16 base 10

10. Hexadecimal Table

11. Hexadecimal Example #1 • Hexadecimal (called ‘hex’) is often written with a prefix of ‘0x’ • 0xFF or 0xff • 0xFF = 1111 1111 • = (0xF * 16^1) + (0xF * 16^0) • = (15 * 16) + (15 * 1) • = 240 + 15 • = 255

12. Hexadecimal Example #2 • 0x10 = 0001 0000 • = (0x1 * 16^1) + (0x0 * 16^0) • = (1 * 16) + (0 * 1) • = 16 + 0 • = 16 • 0xA5 = 1010 0101 • = (0xA * 16^1) + (0x5 * 16^0) • = (10 * 16) + (5 * 1) • = 160 + 5 • = 165

13. The System UnitThe Black Box • Houses electronic components • Motherboard • Storage devices • Connections • Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit inside monitor

14. Motherboard Microprocessor chip Memory chips Connections to other parts of the hardware Additional chips may be added – math coprocessor The System UnitThe Black Box

15. Storage Devices Hard drive Floppy drive CD-ROM drive DVD-ROM drive The System UnitThe Black Box

16. What is in our computer?

17. Table Camera view of Motherboard

18. Microprocessor • CPU etched on a chip • Chip size is ¼ x ¼ inch • Composed of silicon • Contains millions of transistors • Electronic switches that can allow current to pass through

19. Microprocessor Components • Control Unit – CU • Arithmetic / Logic Unit – ALU • Registers • System clock

20. Building a Better Microprocessor • Computers imprint circuitry onto microchips • Cheaper • Faster • Perform functions of other hardware • Math coprocessor is now part of microprocessor • Multimedia instructions are now part of microprocessor

21. Building a Better Microprocessor • The faster the computer runs • The cheaper it is to make • The more reliable it is The more functions that are combined on a microprocessor:

22. Intel Pentium Celeron Xeon Itanium Intel-compatible Cyrix AMD Types of Microprocessors

23. Types of Microprocessors • PowerPC • Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and Motorola • Used in Apple Macintosh family of PCs • Found in servers and embedded systems • Alpha • Manufactured by Compaq (formerly DEC) • High-end servers and workstations

24. Semiconductor Memory • Reliable • Compact • Low cost • Low power usage • Mass-produced economically • Volatile • Made up of tiny circuits, each able to represent ‘0’ or ‘1’ (bits)

25. Semiconductor MemoryCMOS • Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) • Uses little electricity • Used in PC to store hardware settings that are needed to boot the computer • Retains information with current from battery

26. RAM • Keeps the instructions and data for current program • Data in memory can be accessed randomly • Easy and speedy access • Volatile • Can be Erased • Written over

27. Types of RAM SRAM (Static RAM) • Retains contents as long as power is maintained • Faster than DRAM

28. Types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • Must be constantly refreshed • Used for most PC memory because of size and cost • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) • faster type of DRAM • RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) • Faster than SDRAM • Expensive

29. Adding RAM • Purchase memory modules that are packaged on circuit boards • SIMMS – Chips on one side • DIMMS – Chips on both sides • Maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is based upon the motherboard design

30. Table Camera view of Memory Modules

31. ROM • Programs and data that are permanently recorded at the factory • Read-only • Cannot be changed by the user • Stores boot routine that is activated when computer is turned on • Non-volatile

32. PROM • Programmable ROM • ROM burner can change instructions on some type of ROM chips

33. Bus Line • Paths that transport electrical signals • System bus • Transports data between the CPU and memory • Bus width • Number of bits of data that can be carried at a time • Normally the same as the CPUs word size • Speed measured in MHz

34. CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions Bus Line

35. Expansion Buses • Connect the motherboard to expansion slots • Plug expansion boards into slots • interface cards • adapter cards • Provides for external connectors / ports • Serial • Parallel

36. Expansion Buses

37. PC Buses and Ports

38. What is in our computer?

39. Speed and Power What makes a computer fast? • Microprocessor speed • Bus line size • Availability of cache • L1 & L2 • Flash memory • RISC computers • Parallel processing

40. Computer Processing Speed Time to execute an instruction • Millisecond • Microsecond • Nanosecond • Modern computers • Picosecond • In the future

41. Microprocessor Speed • Clock speed • Megahertz (MHz) • Gigahertz (GHz) • Number of instructions per second • Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) • Performance of complex mathematical operations • One million floating-point operations per second (Megaflops – MFLOPS)

42. Cache • Small block of very fast temporary memory • Speed up data transfer • Instructions and data used most frequently or most recently

43. Cache Step 3 Transfer to main CPU and cache P R O C E S S O R R A M Cache • Step 2 • Go to address in main memory and read Step 1 Processor requests data or instructions • Next processor request • Look first at cache • Go to memory

44. Types of Cache • Internal cache • Level 1 (L1) • Built into microprocessor • Up to 128KB • External cache • Level 2 (L2) • Separate chips • 256KB or 512 KB • SRAM technology • Cheaper and slower than L1 • Faster and more expensive than memory

45. Flash Memory • Nonvolatile RAM • Used in • Cellular phones • Digital cameras • Digital music recorders • PDAs

46. Instruction Sets • CISC Technology Complex Instruction Set Computing • Conventional computers • Many of the instructions are not used • RISC Technology Reduced Instruction Set Computing • Small subset of instructions • Increases speed • Programs with few complex instructions • Graphics • Engineering

47. Types of Processing • Serial processing • Execute one instruction at a time • Fetch, decode, execute, store • Parallel Processing • Multiple processors used at the same time • Can perform trillions of floating-point instructions per second (teraflops) • Ex: network servers, supercomputers

48. Types of Processing • Pipelining • Instruction’s action need not be complete before the next begins • Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch instruction 2 • Super Scalar • Executes multiple instructions per cycle

49. Have A Great Weekend!!!!