Fifteen centuries Dutch vocabulary

1. Fifteen centuries Dutch vocabulary Four historical dictionaries in one internet application Marijke Mooijaart INL Leiden Bullay Deutschland april 2010

2. Historical Dictionaries of Dutch 2009 - Oudnederlands woordenboek - ONW Dictionary of Old Dutch, 2009 (online) coverage 500-1200 1999 - Vroegmiddelnederlands woordenboek – VMNW Dictionary of Early Middle Dutch (hard copy and online) coverage 1200-1300 1882-1929/1941 - Middelnederlands Woordenboek – MNW Dictionary of Middle Dutch (hard copy, CD-ROM, online) coverage 1250-1550 1864-1998/2001 Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal - WNT Dictionary of the Dutch Language (hard copy, CD-ROM, online) coverage 1500-1976

3. Differences • source material open or closed corpus, size • grammatical information spelling and sound variants; etymology • regional information origin of texts and authors • quantitative data spelling and sound variants • dating first attestation, dated citations • definition style; sense structure analytical or synonym definition; sense hierachy

4. WNT (1500-1921/1976) 3 meters of WNT volumes

5. I WNT (1500-1976) • source material: open corpus, expanding from 1000-12.000 titles; no proper names • grammatical information: often detailed etymological information • regional information : no, or only very global information • quantitative data: none • dating: originally only in recent volumes • definition style; sense structure: analytical definitions;hierarchical structure

6. MNW (1250-1550) Jakob Verdam *22 January 1845 - † 19 July 1919

7. II MNW (1250-1550) • source material: open but restricted, mainly literary corpus; basis often 19th-century, critical editions; no proper names • grammatical information: spelling and sound variants are included, often as reference entries • regional information: information attached to source information (separate volume) • quantitative data: none • dating: originally only attached to source information (separate volume) • definition style and sense structure synonym definitions;more linear sense structure

8. VMNW (1200-1300) Jacob van Maerlant author and scribe ca. 1225 – ca. 1300

9. III VMNW (1200-1300) • source material: closed corpus of official and literary texts; diplomatic editions; proper names included • grammatical information: succinct etymology • regional information: information attached to citations • quantitative data onspelling forms and sound variants • dating of all citations • definition; sense development: synonym definitions; more linear sense structure

10. ONW (600-1200) Love song or probatio pennae? Manuscript 11th c. Oldest sentence: maltho, thi afrio, letu ‘I declare, I let you free, half-free man’ Lex Salica, 6th century

11. IV ONW (600-1200) • source material: closed corpus of three longer literary religious texts; proper names included; fragments and glosses • grammatical information: succinct etymology • regional information: information in secondary literature about sources • quantitative data on spelling forms and sound variants • dating of all citations • sense development: synonym definitions; more linear sense structure

12. Integrated search: dictionaries in the Language Bank INL Dutch Language Bank: Electronic database of Dutch from 6th-21st century includes • Texts • Dictionaries • Computational lexica Searches are combined: one search for the results in the various works in the three components

13. Dictionary data model The four dictionaries are different in many aspects, but are similar as to the macrostructure of the electronic entries: • headword • grammatical information • semantic analysis, including illustrative citations • related entries (subentries: compounds, derivatives)

14. Encoding All data was converted to TEI-XML; various information categories were uniformly encoded For some dictionaries additional data development was necessary: • modern Dutch headword for all entries • uniform indication of part of speech • citations: separate encoding of citation text, source indication and dating • abbreviated forms of compounds (as subentries) were completed, e.g. apen-, burger-, dominees-, varkensbrood > apenbrood, burgerbrood, domineesbrood, varkensbrood

15. Modern Dutch lemma as standard headword head fish deal/ ‘to divide’ Haupt Fisch teilen ONW Old Dutch standard hōvit fisk dēlon (10th c.) VMNWMiddle Dutch standard hovet visc delen MNW Middle Dutch standard hovet visch delen WNT Spelling De Vries-te Winkel hoofd visch deelen 2009 modern spelling form hoofd vis delen

16. Headwords problems • modern headword form for lost words or misreadings (MNW) e.g. ONW swēneri ‘swineherd’ MNW swiner WNT zwener (not after 17th c.) modern headword zwijner or zwener? • homonyms are usually numbered differently in the four dictionaries: MNW wel III = ‘well’, adverb WNT wel III = ‘bubble’, noun wel V = ‘well’, adverb

17. wel ‘well’ 1, ONW1 – VMNW2 – MNW3

18. wel ‘well’ 2, MNW-3

19. wel ‘well’ 3, MNW-3, WNT4

20. Internet application: search options • various combinations of dictionaries • entries (search key: modern headword) • words in sense section (definitions) • words in citations • words in full text • sources • external links

21. Internet application: results • full article text OR display of article structure (sense numbers and definitions) • display with OR without citations • all results in articles OR in concordances with number of attestations • results in different sections (see advanced search) • highlighting of key words in results • search results can be exported • external links to other reference works (etymology, dialect) and pictures

22. Further developments: lexicon GiGant • project of Dutch Language Bank • computational lexicon 6th – 21th century • each entry consists minimally of standard form – word form – pos – attestation, with additional semantic, morphological, syntactic information • provides access to texts and dictionaries • historical variants are retrieved from historical texts AND from historical dictionary citations; e.g. uiterlijk in WNT

23. uiterlijk – utterly – äusserlich ‘exterior’ WNT UITERLIJK adj. regular, predictable variants: • anlautvowel: u – uu – ui – uj – uij – uy – w • suffix -lijk: ij - i – y – ie (?) / c – k – ck • endings; -e – -st – -ste – -er – -en – -s uytterlijcste uyterlijkste d'uyterlijke uiterlyke uyterlijcke uiterlijke uyterlijck uiterlyken uiterlijkste uiterlicke wterlicke wterlijcke ulterlijk uiterlyk uiterlijk uyterlick wterlicken d'uyterlijcke uiterlijken uiterlijks wterlijck uytterlicke uitterlijke ujterlijke uytterlijk uyterlycke uyterlicken uijterlicke d'uiterlijcke wtterlijcke wterlyke wtterlijk uiterlijke uuterlick uuterlic uyterlijke uyterlijcken uyterlicke d'uiterlyke wterlijke vuyterlijcke uuterlycke uuterlicke wterlijken uyterlijcksten uuyterlicke uuyterlick uuyterlycke uytterl uytterlijcke uytterlycke uytterlick vuytterlicke uiterlijker uyterlyck uterliek wterlijcken uiterlijkst uitterlijk uytterlijcken uyterlyk uiterlijk-net wterlick uutterlijck uuyterlicken uyttelijck uijterlijk uytterlijck uuterlijck uiterlick uitterlyk uuyterlic uuyterlyck uuyterlijck uiterlijck uytterlyck uterlyc wterlijk

24. Further research: sense development from Old Dutch through Modern Dutch tuin, old germanic tūn (german zaun, english town) ONW: ‘fence, palings, enclosure(?)’. 1 citation from the Wachtendonck Psalms (10th c.) VMNW: ‘fence, palings’. Oldest attestation 1268. Much onomastic material. MNW: 1. ‘fence, palings; wattle’. 2. ‘by the fence enclosed area; yard’. Citations from the whole Middle Dutch period. WNT: 1. ‘fence’. Obsolete; current in the 16th c., after that less common; still to be found in dialects. 2. ‘separate piece of land, among other things for growing vegetables or flowers; (engl. ‘garden’)’. Since the 17th c., common from the 19th c. onwards.