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ORGANIC MOLECULES

ORGANIC MOLECULES. -Macromolecules- (=large molecules). Organic Molecules. Found in all living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) Usually contain Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O)

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ORGANIC MOLECULES

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  1. ORGANIC MOLECULES -Macromolecules- (=large molecules)

  2. Organic Molecules • Found in all living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) • Usually contain Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O) • EX: Human liver contains 80% water, 12% protein, 5% fats, 2% nucleic acids, 1% carbohydrates

  3. 1. CARBOHYDRATES • Smallest of all organic molecules • Have a ring shape • Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Carbohydrates will always have 2x as many H atoms as C & O • (Ratio = 1C:2H:1O)

  4. CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides or ‘Many’ Sugars (e.g. starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose) Giant molecules! Monosaccharides or ‘Simple’ Sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose,ribose) C6H12O6 Disaccharides or ‘Double’ Sugars (e.g. sucrose, maltose, lactose) C12H22O11

  5. CARBOHYDRATES • Immediate source of energy • Account for 1% of body weight • Most carbs taste sweet • Sugars usually end in “-ose” (ex: glucose, lactose, fructose)

  6. 2. LIPIDS • Next largest of organic molecules • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • No set formula • Contain two parts: glycerol head (hydrophilic =water loving) and fatty acid tail (hydrophobic = water hating) G L Y C E R O L FATTY ACID FATTY ACID FATTY ACID

  7. LIPIDS FATS (e.g. animal fat) WAXES (e.g. beeswax) STEROIDS (e.g. cholesterol, progesterone) OILS (e.g. olive oil)

  8. LIPIDS • Stored source of energy • Provide 6x as much energy as carbohydrates • Cushion & insulate • Forms membranes • Non-polar molecule = will not dissolve in water

  9. 3. PROTEINS • Next largest of the organic molecules • Ex: hemoglobin = C3032 H4816 O872 N780 S8 Fe4 • Made of amino acids • Ex: lysine, cysteine, tryptophan • Up to 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in tons of ways

  10. PROTEINS • Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form proteins • Peptide bonds are broken by digestive enzymes into individual amino acids • 12 amino acids synthesized by body – other 8 must be obtained from diet

  11. PROTEINS • Cell structure and recognition • Main component in hair/nails (keratin) • Body regulation through hormones & enzymes • Energy source – last resort after carbohydrates and lipids • Enzymes end in “-ase” (lactase) • Proteins end in “-in” (insulin)

  12. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Largest organic molecule • Ex: deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid • Include C, H, O, N, P Deoxyribose Ribose

  13. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Function in heredity, control of cell functions, and making proteins • DNA found only in nucleus • RNA found in nucleus, ribosomes, and other cell organelles such as mitochondria

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