Relationship between exercise motivation types, self-determination and acculturation among Latinas

1. Relationship between exercise motivation types, self-determination and acculturation among Latinas Amber Vermeesch, PhD, MSN, RN, FNP-C

2. Dissertation Committee • Victoria B. Mitrani, Ph.D. • Nilda (Nena) Peragallo, Dr.P.H., R.N., F.A.A.N. • Doris Ugarriza, Ph.D., A.R.N.P. • Christine Stevens, M.P.H., Ph.D., R.N. Funding • Sigma Theta Tau International Beta Tau Chapter Research Grant • Florida Nurses Foundation Research Grant Program • University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies • Michigan State University College of Nursing Research Center • This study received support from, and the parent study for this research was funded by, the Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities grant P60MD002266

3. Background • Latinas not engaging in recommended exercise • Increased risk for obesity and related health consequences • Investigating the relationship between exercise motivation types, self-determination and acculturation may increase overall understanding of what factors may influence exercise participation

4. Purpose & Significance • To investigate the relationship between exercise motivation types, self-determination and acculturation among Latinas • Exercise is linked with reduction in stroke, obesity, and developing weight related illness such as diabetes (CDC, 2008; Reimers, Knapp, & Reimers, 2009) • Latinas exercise less than non-Latinas (Crespo, Smit, Andersen, Carter-Pokras, & Ainsworth, 2000). • In general, Latinas are more likely (74%) to be overweight than non-Latina whites (57%) (National Center for Health Statistics, 2009).

5. Theoretical Framework: Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985)

6. Factors associated with self-reported exercise Acculturation exercise (Abraido-Lanza et al. 2005;Slattery et al. 2006) Income exercise (Crespo et al. 2001; Neighbors et al. 2008; Slattery et al. 2006) Education exercise (Crespo et al. 2001; Neighbors et al. 2008; Slattery et al. 2006) # of children exercise (Crespo et al. 2001; Neighbors et al. 2008; Slattery et al. 2006)

7. Exercise Motivation • Lack of motivation is reported as a major barrier to exercise (Eyler et al., 1998). • Literature suggests women have an underlying intrinsic aspect to their exercise motivation (Frederick, Morrison, & Manning, 1996; Moreno, Cervello, & Martinez, 2007). • The more intrinsic the motivation, the more likely to engage in and continue to exercise (Deci & Ryan, 1985).

8. Research Aim To investigate the relationship between exercise motivation types, self-determination and acculturation among Latinas in South Florida.

9. Methods Data was collected from 169 participants • Acculturation measures- Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics, BAS • Demographics • Exercise motivation form - Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) • Self-report exercise logs & pedometers (worn for 1 week) IRB approval was obtained All data collection and informed consent was conducted by the researcher.

10. Instruments

11. Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) (Ryan, Connell, & Grolnick, 1992): • Assumes subscales equal continuum of self-determination • Computed from multiplying BREQ-2 weighting subscale score and summing results (Markland & Tobin, 2004) • Index of the degree of self-determination • Physical activity was strongly associated with RAI in BREQ-2 (Markland and Ingledew (2007) Weightings (increasing self-determination): Amotivation-3 External -2 Introjected -1 Identified +2 Intrinsic +3 Range: -24 to 20 (Markland & Ingledew, 2007)

12. Inclusion & Exclusion criteria SEPA II: • Latina • Between 18 and 50 years old • English or Spanish • Report being sexually active in the past 3 months Additional: • Read and write in Spanish or English • No serious health problem that prohibits exercise Recruitment • In person during last follow-up assessment of SEPA II study and by phone

13. Data Analysis SEM (Mplus version 5.21; Muthen & Muthen, 1998-2007) & SPSS (vs 18) • Investigate the relationship among acculturation, motivation types and self-determination • Control for demographic factors

14. Research Questions and Hypotheses H1. Acculturation will predict motivation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic – e.g.External, Introjected, Identified) H2. Acculturation will predict self-determination (RAI) Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985)

15. Sample: Demographics (N = 169) • Mean age was 38.7 years, SD = 7.74, range from 20 to 52 years • Average monthly income was $1400 • Mean years of education was 14.12 years, SD = 3.21 • From 16 different countries including US • 21% did not have children • 61% had 1 or 2 children

16. Results H1. Acculturation will predict motivation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic – e.g. External, Introjected, Identified) • H1a = Americanism domain Intrinsic & Extrinsic Not significant predictor: Intrinsic (β = -0.02, p = .78) Extrinsic (β = -0.12, p = .20) • H 1b = Hispanicismdomain Intrinsic & Extrinsic Not significant predictor (β = 0.07, p = .27) of Intrinsic nor Extrinsic (β = 0.17, p = .09)

17. Results H2. Acculturation will predict self-determination (RAI) • Americanism domain (β = 0.00, p = .92) • Hispanicism domain (β = 0.00, p = .89) • For each standard deviation change in Hispanicism domain score, there was a non-significant increase of .00 SD in the RAI score

18. Results Acculturation and Exercise

19. Hypothesis Results: Motivation Demographics H1 Acculturation Average # of Steps H2 Self-determination Model of motivation and exercise

20. Exercise Motivation BREQ-2 Scores

21. Limitations • Measure of exercise • Selection bias of sample • Self-reported data • Reliability of instruments

22. Discussion & Implications • Education on exercise • Understanding Latinas’ perceptions of exercise is imperative • Exercise motivation is a complex issue for Latinas