Human Development

1. Human Development Chapter 4

2. Famous Heinz Moral Dilemna In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that?” EXPLAIN YOUR REASONING! (Kohlberg, 1963)

3. Lawrence Kohlberg • Not as interested in the answer to the question, as he was to why they answered the way they did. • Came up with Theory of Moral Development • Carol Gilligan challenged him. Why?

4. Level 1--PreConventional Level--Premoral Stage 1--Egocentric—Goal to Avoid Punishment Examples Heinz should not steal the drug because he might be caught and would go to jail Heinz should steal the drug because if he doesn’t his wife will yell at him From 1933-45, Nazi soldiers persecuted Jews and other minorities. These soldiers either were carrying out orders under threat of punishment or had a misplaced trust in their leader.

5. Preconventional Level—Premoral Stage 2--Working the system—looking for rewards for yourself and will punish others who hurt you—eye for an eye & scratch my back and I will scratch yours Examples— It is right for Heinz to steal the drug because it can cure his wife and then she can be around to cook for him and take care of him. A modern day equivalent is the issue of software piracy in the homes pitching the need of individuals to pick up IT skills against software developers' need to make a profit. Some politicians who say give money to my campaign and then I will get your legislation through.What is in it for me?

6. Moral Dilemna • Jim has the responsibility of filling a position in his firm. His friend Paul has applied and is qualified, but someone else seems even more qualified. Jim wants to give the job to Paul, but he feels guilty, believing that he ought to be impartial. That's the essence of morality, he initially tells himself. This belief is, however, rejected, as Jim resolves that friendship has a moral importance that permits, and perhaps even requires, partiality in some circumstances. So he gives the job to Paul. Was he right? Explain.

7. Level 2--Conventional Level Stage 3—Good behavior is what pleases others and is approved by them—AKA—Societal & Peer Pressure--Conformity Examples— Yes, Heinz should steal the drug. He probably will go to jail for a short time for stealing but his in-laws will think he is a good husband. What should Heinz do if he is in the same Medical Association as the doctor scientist? Family members will think he is a good husband if he stole the drug but he may not be able to face any member of the Association again. If he does not steal, his family members will think he is heartless. How can Heinz resolve these conflicting expectations? Another example of "different groups, different expectations“ would be a teenager struggling with the expectations of his peer group and those of his parents. From which group does he seek approval? As a good husband, Heinz should steal the drug to cure his wife.

8. Moral Dilemna You are in love with someone who is outside of your faith or your ethnicity and your family will never accept this person. You truly love this person and want to spend the rest of your life with him/her. If you pursue this, your family will ostracize you. What do you do and why?

9. Level 2--Conventional Level Stage 4--Law and Order—You follow the rules because they are the rules and they maintain an orderly society—no questions asked Examples— The judge should sentence Heinz to jail. Stealing is against the law! He should not make any exceptions even though Heinz' wife is dying. If the judge does not sentence Heinz to jail then others may think it's right to steal and there will be chaos in the society.

10. Moral Dilemna It is the time before the Civil Rights Movement and you own a restaurant in the South. It is law that everything is separate including water fountains, bathrooms, pools, and restaurants. A nice African-American couple arrives in your restaurant and asks to be seated? What do you do?

11. Level 3--Post Conventional Level • Stage 5—Is it fair and just for the society? You question things for the betterment of the society. • Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has the right to life regardless of the law against stealing. Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be reinterpreted because a person's life is at stake. • The concern is social utility or public interest. While rules are needed to maintain social order, they should not be blindly obeyed but should be set up (even changed) by social contract for the greater good of society. Right action is one that protects the rights of the individual according to rules agreed upon by the whole society.

12. Moral Dilemna You are a citizen of Egypt and are concerned about the violation of human rights you see on a regular basis. You know that some people are organizing protests against the government, but you are also aware that these people could be thrown in jail for their actions. What do you do?

13. Level 3--Post Conventional Level • Stage 6—The Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."The concern is for moral principles ... an action is judged right if it is consistent with self-chosen ethical principles. These principles are not concrete moral rules but are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity.Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife because preserving human life is a higher moral obligation than preserving property.

14. Moral Dilemna A kid at school has been really mean to you. Part of you wants to be really mean back and say all sorts of horrible things about the kid. Do you give in to the mean or do you treat him with kindness? Explain your decision.

15. Stand UP--Review Time! Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development • Level One: • Pre-conventional Morality • Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation • Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation • Level Two: • Conventional Morality • Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation • Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation • Level Three: • Post-Conventional Morality • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

16. Piaget—Cognitive Development

17. Piaget—Cognitive Development Key Vocab—Object Permanence, Separation Anxiety, Egocentric, Assimilation, Schemata, Accomodation, Conservation Criticisms of Piaget????

18. Your Mission • Share your toy with your group—show and tell! Decide what stage this toy would be best to meet the needs of a child’s cognitive development. • Next get construction paper, glue, scissors, etc. to create a toy collage picking a toy that works best for each stage of cognitive development.

19. Examples • Sensorimotor— • Children show their cognitive development through action—Object Permanence develops!

20. Examples • Preoperational— • Children are very egocentric. Begin to understand that symbols and drawings can represent other things.

21. Examples • Concrete Operational— • Children can understand that shape can change, but volume stays the same--conservation. They are less egocentric. They can think of more than one thing at a time.

22. Examples • Formal Operational— • Kids can begin to think about the future and think about hypothetical situations. They can think abstractly and can do multiple things at one time.

23. Stand Up Review Time! • Why is developmental psychology considered an applied research topic? • What does it mean to be a tabula rasa? • What is true about the way a newborn’s senses function? • Is a teratogen nature or nurture? • Parental involvement has a great effect on the development of children EXCEPT in this area? • What is a mental rule Piaget said we used to interpret our environment?

24. Stand Up Review Time • What is the difference between a longitudinal and a cross sectional study? • What did Harlow’s research prove? • What is the best parenting style according to psychologists? • In which stage of cognitive development do infants learn object permanence? • The ability to generate multiple hypotheses would be demonstrated during what Piagetian stage? • What attachment type did Mary Ainsworth find in the majority of her research?

25. Sigmund Freud—Psychosexual Development Freud said we pass through 4 psychosexual stages. Sexual for Freud did not mean intercourse, but instead how we gain pleasure from the world—pleasure principle. Failure to resolve conflict in a certain stage will cause fixation meaning we will remain preoccupied in that stage.

26. Freud—Psychosexual Stage Oral Stage—Birth to 1 year Oral Fixation Fixation would result in overeating, smoking, and a childlike dependence on things • Seek pleasure through their mouths • It is important to breast feed the child during this stage

27. Freud—Psychosexual Stages • Anal Stage—1 to 3 years • Children find pleasure in going to the bathroom • It is important to toilet train at just the right time—not too early or late. • Anal Fixation • Anal Retentive • Anal Expulsive

28. Freud—Psychosexual Stages • Phallic Stage—3 to 6 yrs • Kids begin to understand gender and sex differences • Kids become curious about their own private parts • Parental ID may cause family conflict • Phallic Conflict • Penis Envy • Oedipus Complex • Boys love Mommy • Want to stay with her • Electra Complex • Daddy’s Little Girl • Find guy like Daddy

29. Freud Psychosexual Stages • Latency Period—6 to 11 • Not a stage, but a rest period • No pleasure center • Focus on same sex friendships and identifying with same sex parent • Fixation/Conflict • Remain Latent • Asexual • Workaholic • Focus on Same Sex Friends

30. Freud Psychosexual Stages • Fixation is considered normal • However, trauma during this stage could result in unhealthy adult sexual relationships • Genital Stage—12 to Adult • Begin to understand that sexual pleasure can be derived from another • Relationships begin with simple things like hand holding and escalate as the person matures

31. Criticisms! • All stage theorists are criticized for trying to categorize individuals • Continuity vs. Discontinuity??? • Freud was specifically criticized for his focus on sex, lack of scientific evidence, and the limited stages • Noted for historical importance, not for research • American Academy of Pediatrics

32. Erik Erikson—Psychosocial Stages • Neo-Freudian—What does that mean? • Studied with Anna Freud • Focused on social development, not sexual

33. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Trust vs. Mistrust • Birth to 1 year • Need Fulfillment is focus • Can I trust my caregiver to meet my needs when I cry or make demands in other ways? • If needs are met, then as an adult you are trustful. • If needs are not met, then you develop a general sense of mistrust of others.

34. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt • 1 to 3 years of age • Toddlers begin to control their bodies • Also trying to control others by saying—NO! • If children learn to control themselves through effective parenting, then they will be autonomous adults. • If children do not learn this, then they will feel shame and doubt their abilities to control themselves

35. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Initiative vs. Guilt • 3 to 6 years • Children ask Why? • Parents should foster their child’s curiousity • If our curiousity is nurtured, then we naturally take initiative for the rest of our lives. • If we are not allowed to express this, then we remain with guilt for wanting to be curious and we avoid this in the future.

36. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Industry vs. Inferiority • Ages 6 to 12 • Expected to produce work that is evaluated • We want to feel competent in our efforts and this is encouraged through good teachers and parents • If child feels good at stuff, then they develop competence throughout life. • If they feel bad or not as good as others, then develop an inferiority complex that can reside with them through life

37. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Identity vs. Role Confusion • Adolescence • Discover your own social identity • Fit into groups • Feel good and move on if you develop a stable sense of your self. • If not, then you may find yourself in an identity crisis later in life

38. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Young Adults • Balance work and relationships • How much time for me vs. my family? • Identifying differences in relationships • This will influence life ahead. Success in this stage will result in a happy work and relationship life. • Lack of success may result in loneliness and inability to form lasting relationships

39. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Generativity vs. Stagnation • Mature Adult • Critical look at life path • What do we want for ourselves and our family? • Seize control so things go as planned • Feelings of success result in happiness and contentment • If things are not going as planned, we may decide to dramatically change course. • Mid life crisis

40. Erik Erikson--Psychosocial • Integrity vs. Despair • Older Adult/End of life • Offer wisdom and insight • Was life meaningful? • If we feel that our life hand meaning, then we move beyond the stressors of existence and reach a place of wisdom • If not, then we feel regret and despair over lost opportunities

41. Things to focus on in Ch. 4 about getting older! • Menopause— • Physical Changes— • Alzheimer’s— • Cognitive Changes— • Memory/Intelligence • Crystallized vs. Fluid-- • Social Changes— • Death and Dying— • Stages of Grief Getting older doesn’t have negative!

42. Interview/Discussion HW: Find people in your life who are at various stages of development–a child, a teen, an adult, and especially an elder. Pick one question to ask them that will indicate where they are at on Erikson’s stages and in which direction they are headed. Report your findings on 2/15!

43. Criticisms! • Are their any criticisms of Erikson? • He is the most recent and most widely accepted. • What is the main criticism for all the stage theorists? • Which stage theorist do you agree with most? • Whose research would be easiest to replicate to assure reliability and validity?

44. Your Mission—Be a GOOD parent! • What does an “ideal” or good parent do? What is the most important thing you can do to be a good parent? • In a group of up to 3 you will create a 2-3 minute PSA that will tackle a parenting issue using various theorists and theories from our development unit! • It will be persuasive and will support your perspective on a specific parenting issue using info from various theorists in Chapter 4. • You can film it and present it or you can do it live!

45. Some Important Parenting Decisions • To spank or not to spank—How to Discipline! • Stay at home or daycare • Traditional vs. Non-traditional families • Family Time (Meals, Fun, Vacations, etc) • Religion • Education—home school, public, private • Parenting Style—Authoritarian, Authoritative, or Permissive • Other????

46. Theorists and Theories for PSAs • Harlow • Ainsworth • Freud • Erikson • Kohlberg • Parenting Style—Authoritative, etc. • Nature vs. Nurture

47. Rubric • Rubric— • Show Sincere Effort--10 • Be Creative--10 • Be Professional--10 • Share LOTS of knowledge and Information--10 • Be accurate—10 • Total—50 You will be individually graded on these things, so please make sure that you individually demonstrate all of them. Present on Friday!