Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 The Rise of Rome

2. Rome’s beginnings • Legendary hero Romulus is said to have founded Rome (not proven) around 753BC • A hero of the Trojan war, Aeneas supposedly has twins Romulus and Remus who were raised by a wolf (Romulus kills Remus and creates Rome’s boundaries). • A series of kings rule the city until 600s BC when Etruscans (from northern Italy) conquer Rome. • 509BC Romans overthrew Etruscan king to form a republic (gov where people elect their rulers)

3. Rome’s Geographic location • Rome grew from city country empire. • Latin people settled Rome • for its mild climate • good farmland • location on Tiber River (by Mediterranean Sea). • Rome is on 7 steep hills (farmers use plains for farming and returned to homes on hilltops at night).

4. Italian Peninsula • Peninsula – piece of land surrounded by water on 3 sides. • On the Mediterranean (lots of trade and new lands around sea to conquer) • 2 mountain ranges protect (Alps on the north and Apennines form Italy’s spine) • More large plains than Greece (better farming)

5. https://www.google.com/maps/place/ANCIENT+ROME+B%26B/@41.897264,12.490398,2a,90y,90t/data=!3m5!1e2!3m3!1s49384734!2e1!3e10!4m2!3m1!1s0x132f61b1fcae529f:0xe04b4039b9268c86!6m1!1e1https://www.google.com/maps/place/ANCIENT+ROME+B%26B/@41.897264,12.490398,2a,90y,90t/data=!3m5!1e2!3m3!1s49384734!2e1!3e10!4m2!3m1!1s0x132f61b1fcae529f:0xe04b4039b9268c86!6m1!1e1

6. Roman Farms • Early Romans worked small plots of land. • Could also serve in army (for a time only landowners could join) • Romans thought landowners would fight harder to protect their land and they could defend the city because they could pay for their own military equipment. • Some farmers got richer than others (there became a division between rich and poor) • Poor had simple homes of mud and timber, extended family. • Rich had larger farms and estates.

7. Rome grew • Farmers had qualities of hard work and discipline • made Rome succeed. • good for armies • Helped Rome conquer Italy Current map of Italy

8. http://condor.depaul.edu/~sbucking/meditmap.jpg

11. Mediterranean Sea • Black Sea • Caspian Sea • Asia Minor • Iberian Peninsula • Italian Peninsula • Nile River • Greece • Scicily • Corsica • Sardina • Tyrrhenian Sea • Ionian Sea • Red Sea • Persian Gulf • Mesopotamia • Atlantic Ocean • Persian Gulf • Arabian Peninsula • Aegean Sea • Tigris River • Euphrates River • Tiber River • Alps • Northern Africa

12. 13.2 Rome becomes a republic A republic is a form of self-government (or rule). There were 2 classes that developed patricians (wealthy landowners – some hold highest positions) plebians(common farmers, male citizens, can vote but not hold important positions.)

13. Roman government • Wrote a constitution (called 12 tablets) • established basic rights and duties for Roman citizens. Roman government had 3 branches like United States: • Executive (enforce laws)- 2 consuls • Legislative (makes laws)- Senate 300 people, assemblies • Judicial (interprets laws)- 8 judges

14. Why 3 branches ? • “checks and balances” to ensure one branch doesn’t have too much power. How does this compare to united states government?

15. Roman Citizenship Benefits: • In Rome only free adult males could vote. • Only these citizens had the protection of Roman law. Responsibilities: • Citizens were expected to serve Rome (paying taxes, service in armies and assemblies) (US citizens serve by voting, paying taxes, and serving jury duty)

16. Republic Expands • Rome keeps growing by 300BC and dominates Italy • Rome didn’t rule people from newly conquered lands harshly. Rome Offers • citizenship to conquered people • To govern themselves Rome Expects • Payment of taxes • Soldiers for their army

17. Punic Wars • 264 BC began a series of 3 long wars against Carthage (rich trading city in N. Africa) • Rome won all 3 wars (almost lost #2) Hannibal crossed the Alps (mountains) with a herd of elephants and nearly captured Rome. General Sipio defeats Hannibal in 202 BC. In the year 146 BC Rome captures and defeats Carthage. Now Rome has lands from Spain to Greece. • 3 Results of Punic wars and expansion • Lots of money (for the already wealthy) • Many slaves (for the already wealthy) • Gap between rich and poor increases Rich bought larger farms (poor lost their farms because they couldn’t compete and had to sell their land to the rich) Poor suffered job loss and the already poor became poorer.

18. Roman Army recruitment – no notes The Recruit of the republican Army - before the Reforms of Marius • War offered the Roman citizen of the republic the possibility of returning covered in glory, having won both land and money. • To the Romans of the early republic serving in the legion and war itself were the same thing. For Rome had no army unless it was at war. As long as there was peace, people stayed at home and there was no army. this shows the essentially civilian nature of Roman society. But Rome is still famed today for being in a state of near constant warfare. • The changeover from peace to warfare was a mental as well as spiritual change. When war was decided upon by the senate then the doors to the temple of the god Janus would be opened. Only once Rome was at peace would the doors be closed again. - The gates of Janus were almost always open. • For the citizen becoming a soldier was a transformation far beyond simply donning his armour. When war was declared and an army would be raised, a red flag was hoisted over the capitol of Rome. The news would be carried out to all the territory under Roman rule. The hoisting of the red flag meant that all men subject to military service had thirty days to report for duty. • Not all men were obliged to serve. Only the tax paying landowners were subject to military service, for it was deemed only they had reason to fight. Of them it was those aged between 17 and 46 who would have to serve. Those veterans of the infantry who had already been on sixteen previous campaigns, or the cavalrymen who had served on ten campaigns, would be excused. Also free from service would be those very few who had through outstanding military or civil contributions won the specific privilege of not having to take up arms.

19. The consul(s) would, together with their military tribunes select their men. First to be chosen from were the wealthiest, most privileged. Last to be chosen from were the poorest, least privileged. Care would be taken not to deplete completely the number of men of a particular class or tribe. • Selection thereafter depended largely on the men being deemed fit to serve. Though those deemed unfit for duty must have no doubt been dishonoured in the eyes of the others. For the army was in Roman eyes not so much a burden as an opportunity to prove oneself worthy in the eyes of one's fellow countrymen. Meanwhile those who had shown themselves worthy in their civic duties were no longer required to do so. And those who had disgraced themselves in the eyes of the public, would be denied the opportunity of serving in the republican army ! • To perform their transformation from Roman citizens into Roman soldiers, the selected men would then have to swear an oath of allegiance. • This swearing of the sacramentum, changed the status of the man entirely. He was now utterly subject to his general's authority, and had thereby laid down any restraints of his former civilian life. His actions would be by the will of the general. He would bear no responsibility for the actions he would commit for the general. If he was ordered to do so, he would kill anything in sight, be it an animal, a barbarian, or even a Roman.

20. There was more than mere practicality behind the change from the white toga of the citizen to the blood red tunic of the legionary. The symbolism was such that the blood of the vanquished would not stain him. He was now no longer a citizen whose conscience would not allow for murder. Now he was a soldier. The legionary could only be released from the sacramentum by two things; death or demobilization. Without the sacramentum, however, the Roman could not be a soldier. It was unthinkable. • Once he had taken his oath, the Roman would return home make the necessary preparations for his departure. The commander would have issued the order where they would have to assemble at a given date. Once all was prepared, he would gather his weapons and make his way to the where the men had been ordered to gather. Very often this would entail quite a journey. The assembly tended to be close to the actual theatre of war. And so it could be that the soldiers would be told to gather far away from Rome. For example, the Greek wars saw a commander order his army to assemble at Brundisium at the very heel of Italy, where they would be embarked on ships for their journey to Greece. It was upon the soldiers to get to Brundisium and it no doubt will have taken them some time to get there. • The day of assembly till the day of demobilization saw the legionary living a life, totally separated from the civilian existence of other Romans. He would not spend his time as a town garrison, but in a military camp miles from any place of civilization. • The camp the legionaries built every night while they were on the march fulfilled more than just the function of protecting the soldiers from attacks by night. For it maintained the Roman understanding of order; it didn't merely keep army discipline, but set the soldiers apart from the barbarians they fought. It reinforced their being Roman. Barbarians might sleep wherever they laid themselves down like animals. But not Romans.

21. No longer being civilians, but soldiers, the diet had to be as hardy as their lifestyle. Wheat, frumentum, was what the soldier received to eat each day, come rain, come shine.If it was monotonous, then it was also what the soldiers demanded. It was deemed good, hardy and pure. To deprive the soldiers' of frumentum and give them something else instead was seen as a punishment. • When Caesar in Gaul struggled to keep his troops fed on wheat alone, and had to substitute their diet with barley, beans and meat, the troops grew discontented. It was only their fides, their loyalty , to the great Caesar which made them eat what they were given.For just as with their attitudes toward their nightly encampment, the Romans saw the food they ate as soldiers as a symbol which set them apart from barbarians. If barbarians filled their bellies with meat and alcohol before battle, then the Romans kept to their stark rations. They had discipline, inner strength. To deny them their frumentum was to think of them as barbarians. • In the Roman mind the legionary was a tool, a machine. Though it possessed dignity and honour, it abandoned its will to its commander. It ate and drank only in order to function. It required no pleasure. • This machine would feel nothing and flinch from nothing. Being such a machine, the soldier would neither feel cruelty nor mercy. He would kill simply because he was ordered. Totally devoid of passion he could not be accused of enjoying violence and indulging in cruelty. Far more his was a form of civilized violence. • Yet the Roman legionary must have been one of the most terrifying sights. By far more horrific than the savage barbarian. For if the barbarian simply knew no better, then the Roman legionary was a ice cold, calculating and utterly ruthless killing machine. Totally different to the barbarian, his strength lay in that he hated violence, but he possessed such total self control that he could force himself not to care.

22. 13.3 Rome becomes an Empire • Wealthy Romans would begin to neglect civic duties (only wanted more $). • Threat of uprising from plebians grew. • Reformers wanted to break up huge estates and help the poor. • Wealthy landowners in Senate felt threatened and had reformers killed (was Caesar one?)

23. Civil War 88BC-82BC • Generals conquering lands want power at home. • Marius (soldiers/generals) support plebians VS Sulla ( soldiers/generals) who support patricians and senators. • 82BC Sulla becomes dictator after marching on Rome (he had 120,000 loyal soldiers!) A time of emperors – one of the most famous Julius Caesar: • Julius Caesar captures Gaul (new lands, fame and fortune. • 47BC Caesar won a very important battle in Gaul. • 46BC Caesar named sole ruler in Rome (after fighting for Rome, he wouldn’t break up army as Senate ordered him to do.) • 44BC Caesar named dictator for life (then assassinated).

24. Emperors Rule Rome • Another civil war - generals fighting for power. • 31BC – 14 AD Octavian wins and is ruler of Rome. • 27BC Octavian gains title of “Augustus.” – exalted one. • Octavian is Caesar’s sister Julia’s grandson) – his great-nephew and adopted son) • Octavian began era known as “PaxRomana” – Roman peace.

25. The empire prospers under Augustus • He rebuilt and beautified Rome. • Made Roman army the greatest fighting force in the world (about 300,000 men served in it). • Built roads, bridges and tunnels that helped unify the empire. • A danarius (silver coin) was used throughout empire. • Trade and agriculture helped Rome prosper. • Roman roads and military helped provide security for trade to happen.

26. A tour of Ancient Rome • http://www.roman-empire.net/children/visit.html

27. 13.4 Daily life of Romans • Family and society become more structured. • Women ran household and cared for children. (could also inherit property and run family business) –not much power outside of home. • Children – mostly home education (wealthy boys went to private schools). Girls marry early by 14. • Middle class developed(business owners and officials). • Then small farmers. • Slaves were lowest (up to 1/3 of population)

28. Religion and public life • Priests were gov officials. • Roman gods were symbols of state. • Roman emperors became a god and loyalty was expected. • City of Rome grew to hold almost 1 million people – became crowded and dirty though! • Rome began to provide free grain for very poor to keep peace.

29. Some things built for rich and poor • Aqueducts were built to carry fresh water into towns. (many bridges survive and are used today)! • Public bathhouses (all classes could bathe and socialize). • Colosseum and Circus Maximus (used for chariot races).

30. Roman Timeline – Chapter 13 • 753 BC Legend says Romulus founded Rome. • 509 BC Estrucan kings are overthrown and Roman Republic is created. • 458BC Cincinnatus is ruler during military crisis and steps down when done (16 days). • 450BC Twelve Roman Tables are written. • 300BC Rome expands to central Italy. • 275BC Rome controls all of Italy • 264BC Punic wars begin (between Rome and Carthage) • 202BC Scipio defeats Hannibal in second war. • 146BC Carthage is destroyed by Rome. • 82BC Civil wars ended (first dictator is Sulla) • 49BC Julius Ceasar is sole ruler of Rome (44BC assassinated) • 27BC – 14 AD Octavius (Augustus) begins PaxRomana (Rome’s Peace) • PaxRomana lasted about 200 years.