BELLWORK: 11/4

1. BELLWORK: 11/4 • List five characteristics of militarism. • Why was it necessary for European countries to have large armies? How/when/why does a large army become a disadvantage or liability? • How did the dreadnought lead to a naval arms race? • How did industrialization impact militarism? • THINKER: Why was militarism a long-term cause of WWI?

2. WORLD WAR I CAUSES, PRACTICES & EFFECTS OF WAR

3. World War I The War was also known as THE GREAT WAR and famously “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS” It was a global military conflict that took place mainly in Europe between 1914 & 1918. It was a total war which left great devastation, millions dead and shaped the modern world. World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II 21 years later.

4. Long-Term Causes 1870-1905

5. What is meant by “long-term?” • Background causes/problems that had been building for decades prior (~1870-1905) • “The ‘long-term’ causes did not make the First World War inevitable. Instead, they made war more likely. These developments fueled the suspicion, fear and tension between the European powers. They increased the probability of a big war and limited the likelihood of a short and regional war.” • These causes were interconnected!

6. Long-term Causes: Why did the war break out? • Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalist Sentiment • Colonial Expansion • Anglo-German Naval Race • Militarism • Tension in the Balkans • Ascension of Kaiser Wilhelm II • Web of alliances

7. MAIN CAUSES OF WWI • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism ***These background causes were building for 40-50 years before the actual outbreak of WWI.

8. BELLWORK: 11/4 • List five characteristics of militarism. • Why was it necessary for European countries to have large armies? How/when/why does a large army become a disadvantage or liability? • How did the dreadnought lead to a naval arms race? • How did industrialization impact militarism? • THINKER: Why was militarism a long-term cause of WWI?

9. Militarism: building up armed forces in preparation for war; political, diplomatic, social, economic emphasis on military matters Characteristics: Army and military forces are given a high profile by the government Increased military spending and production Implementation of the draft Arms race Industrialization Military for deterrence The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and there was fierce competition between Britain and Germany for naval superiority. Long-Term Cause #1: Militarism

10. MILITARISM European Military Spending Year Millions of $

11. Britain maintained a large lead over Germany in all categories of warships.Both nations believed that command of the seas was vital to a great nation. The British introduced the 'Dreadnought', an effective battleship, in 1906. The Germans soon followed suit introducing their own battleships.

12. The naval strength of the powers in 1914

13. THINKER Discussion • Why was militarism a long-term cause of WWI?

14. HOMEWORK • Due block #1: Read about alliances on Pages 112-113 & Complete “alliance system” portion of packet • Friday: Map Quiz!

15. Unit 1 Exam Results Averages Common Mishaps Why so rushed? Term cards were graded on detailed content knowledge – don’t be general! Not answering question or going off topic What is the question asking you to do??? Explain/describe/compare vs. list??? The same people were too general/vague on term cards = low score on free response. • Unit 1 Exam: • Unit 1 Term Cards:

16. Common mishaps….. • Realism was a form of social justification set by Mahan who believed in a strong navy for expansion. • One major effect of the Open Door Policy was causing the Spanish American War because the U.S. needed access to Asian markets. • One cause of the SpAm War was the Open Door Policy. This is because this gave all countries free trade with China. • An immediate cause of the Spanish American War was the U.S.S. Maine. • Both policies [BSD & MD] were expansionist and both were used several times. • Roosevelt believed in using your words first and coming up with a solution; when that didn’t work, bring in the military to solve the problem. Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy was about helping countries who have the same morals and ideas as your country.

17. YES! OMG  <3!!! • The “White Man’s Burden” stated that the U.S. has the “burden” to spread it’s better way of life and teach it to the “uncivilized” cultures. On a governmental side, it was seen that democracy was the best system of government and needed to be spread by the U.S. to fix the world. • Another cause of the SpAm War was the Spanish brutality, especially with the concentration camps in which thousands of civilians died due to lack of resources, and lack of care for the rights and humanity of the Cubans. A third cause was the destruction of U.S. businesses in Cuba due to the fighting that was going on during the rebellions. • Differences between both policies included that BSD directly stated the use of a military power if arbitration failed where as MD did not involve, at its core, military intervention.

18. BELLWORK: 11/6 • Why would a country agree to an alliance? • Explain Germany’s (Bismarck’s) strategy for obtaining alliances. How was this different than Britain’s strategy? • Describe the growing system of alliances. Who aligned with who? Who were the biggest rivals? • Which countries belonged in which alliance? • THINKER: Why were alliances a long-term cause of WWI?

19. Cause #2: Alliances An alliance is an agreement to help defend, if needed. Several alliances were signed between 1879- 1914 Key to diplomacy – protect yourself & isolate your enemies! These alliances meant that some countries had no option but to declare war if one of their allies declared war first Describe the growing system of alliances. Who did Germany want to align with? Who did Austria-Hungary target?

20. Formation of the WWI Alliances In 1879 Germany and Austria- Hungary agreed to form a Dual Alliance. This became the Triple Alliance when in 1882 it was expanded to include Italy. The three countries agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia. France felt threatened by this alliance. Britain was also concerned by the growth in the Germany Navy and in 1904 the two countries signed the Entente Cordiale (friendly understanding). The objective of the alliance was to encourage co-operation against the perceived threat of Germany. Three years later, Russia who also feared the growth in the German Army, joined Britain & France to form the Triple Entente. The Russian government was also concerned about the possibility of Austria Hungary increasing the size of its empire. It therefore made promises to help Serbia if it was attacked by members of the Triple Alliance The formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France and Russia reinforced the need for the Triple Alliance.

22. THINKER Discussion • Why were alliances a long-term cause of WWI?

23. HOMEWORK: Due Thursday! • Finish reading about the Long-Term causes of WWI with imperialism and nationalism. • Read pgs. 114-115 and complete the Imperialism and Nationalism sections of your packet. • Study for Friday’s map quiz! • 22 countries & 3 bodies of water!

25. Class Discussion & Links to TOK • What are the positives/negatives about joining in an alliance? • Is an alliance necessary to the success of a country? Why or why not? • Do you think going to war on behalf of your alliance is more of a justified or unjustified reason to fight? • Historical examples????

26. BELLWORK: 11/7 • Why did European powers want to colonize Africa and the Far East? How did this lead to problems between the powers? • Describe the conflict over Morocco. • How did Austria-Hungary view the Balkans? How was this different than the Russian view? • How did nationalism increase the probability of war? • THINKER: In your opinion, which one of the long term causes had the biggest impact on starting WWI? Explain!

27. Cause #3 - Imperialism Why did European powers want to colonize Africa and the Far East? How did this lead to problems between the powers? Due to industrialization, countries needed new markets & resources  Imperialism! Imperialism: establishing political, economic and military dominance over weaker nations By 1900, all large European powers had colonies in Africa or Asia (not Austria-Hungary) How did Germany’s new leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II respond to this?

28. Last German Emperor (Kaiser), ruled from June 1888 - November 1918. When Kaiser Wilhelm II came to power, he refused to renew Germany's alliance with Russia. Launched Germany on a "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in 1914. His policy of Weltpolitik was antagonistic and a threat to other European powers. Germany soon found itself as a minority. Its only European ally was the weakest of the European powers, Austria-Hungary. Kaiser Wilhelm II

30. Moroccan Crisis: 1905 ***Describe the conflict over Morocco. In 1904 Morocco was given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans wanted their independence. In 1905, Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence. War was narrowly avoided by a conference which allowed France to retain possession of Morocco. However, in 1911, the Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco. Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo. How did this impact European alliances?

31. Why was imperialism a cause of WWI? Imperialist rivalries formed as countries competed and fought over new territories and resources The great powers had come into conflict over spheres of influence in Asia (Open Door Policy – China & Japan) and over territories in Africa (Moroccan Crisis) Germany embarked late, but aggressively, on colonial expansion under Emperor Wilhelm II. Germany felt isolated and victimized!

33. Cause #4: Nationalism – the origins • The French Revolution resulted in chaos and the ascent of Napoleon to power. Napoleon's armies marched all over Europe, bringing not only French control, but French ideas. • The rise of ideas of nationalism (devotion and pride for one's common people and ethnicity) increased in popularity during the Napoleonic Wars. • Napoleon encouraged the spread of nationalism, which he saw in his troops, to better the French war machine. • The French people began to feel pride in their culture and ethnicity. The world watched nationalism for the first time and saw the power the French gained from it. • Following the Napoleonic Wars, all of Europe was sharing these ideas

35. Cause #4: Nationalism – the origins • There were two types of nationalism that emerged during the era: • Desire for dominance • Oppressed groups’ desire for independence

36. Nationalism How did Austria-Hungary view the Balkans? How was this different than the Russian view?

37. Conflict in the Balkans • Balkan states drove Ottomans (Turkey) out of the area • The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state… all wanted sea access! • Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. • Russia intervened to protect Serbia, but backed down after threats from Austria-Hungary. • Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high.

38. How did nationalism increase the probability of war?

39. THINKER Discussion • In your opinion, which of the four background causes (militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism) was the biggest cause of WWI? Explain!

41. IB History: 11/8 • Sit in a desk with a post-it! • Get out your pink WWI note wkst  I will check shortly! • Spend first few minutes reviewing your map of Europe. • After the quizzes are finished, you will participate in a review activity over the long term causes of WWI.

42. Review Skits: Long-Term Causes • In order to review the long-term causes, the class will be broken into four groups. Each group will be assigned a cause. • Your task is to create a skit that represents your cause, the problems, and how it contributed to WWI. • Your characters must be countries – how will you represent this? • This will be good review! Have fun, but take this seriously – what are the main points? How can you simplify the information in a way that’s easy to understand?

43. Review Skits: Long-Term Causes • When you present, you must also turn in a paper that includes the following information: • Who are the characters? Who plays which character? • General outline/overview of the script. • Explanation of why this was a cause/problem leading to WWI (This is a MAIN idea – should be clearly addressed!)

44. Warm-Up Discussion • By 1914, the European powers seemed ready for war… militaries were prepared, alliances made, and suspicion/paranoia was at an all-time high. To what extent was war inevitable at this point? Explain!

45. The groups! • A & 5) Militarism • 2 & 6) Alliances • 3 & 7) Imperialism • 4 & 8) Nationalism