Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Section 3 The U.S. Enters the War

2. American Isolationism • Following WWI, the U.S. returned to isolationist foreign policy • Many questioned cost of victory in WWI • U.S. Senate was unwilling to join the League of Nations • Feared it would drag the U.S. into future wars • Most isolationist were notPacifists- those who do not believe in military force

3. American Isolationism • FDR was not an isolationist • Supported entry in League of Nations • FDR and Congress were more focused on the Great Depression than foreign policy

4. Balancing Isolation & Intervention • Congress passed the Neutrality Act in 1935 • Prevented U.S. from selling weapons to warring states • Intended to prevent U.S. from being drawn into war

5. Balancing Isolation & Intervention • Aggression by totalitarian dictators began to catch FDR’s attention • Ended arms sails to Italy after 1935 invasion of Ethiopia • After Japanese invasion of China in 1937, FDR gave Quarantine Speech - Compared spread of war to spread of disease • Urged peace-loving nations to stop aggressive nations from spreading war • Speech upset many isolationists

6. Preparing for War • In 1938, FDR urged Congress to build a new Navy • After Hitler’s invasion of Poland, FDR got Congress to change Neutrality laws • Cash and Carry Policy (1939) - Allowed the U.S. to sell to warring nations as long as they paid cash & picked up orders from American ports • Intended to help Allies slow Hitler • Roosevelt urged a policy of “all aid short of war.” • Exchanged 50 aging warships for 8 British military bases. • Isolationists opposed the deal, but were too weak to stop it.

7. Preparing for War • FDR aimed to make the U.S. an “arsenal for democracy” • Lend-Lease Act (1940) - Allowed the U.S. to sell weapons to the U.K. regardless of ability to pay • Atlantic Charter (1941) - Proclaimed shared goal of U.S. and U.K to defeat Axis Powers

8. Preparing for War • German U-Boats sank U.S. ships carrying supplies to U.K. - Part of Lend-Lease Act • U.S.S. Kearney (1941) - 11 Americans killed • U.S.S. Rueben James - More than 100 Americans killed

9. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • Japan launched a surprise attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 - Home of the U.S. Pacific fleet • Japanese war planes launched from aircraft carriers - Attacked fleet with torpedoes and bombs

10. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

11. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • Attack lasted 2 hours • All 8 battleships damaged - 4 sunk • 200 aircraft damaged • 2,400 Americans killed

12. American Reaction

13. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • Congress declares war on Japan on Dec. 8, 1941 • Listen to FDR’s Day on Infamy Speech • Dec. 11,1941, Italy & Germany declare war on U.S.

14. Warm Up: Read pages 412-413 • Complete numbers 1-5

15. Chapter 13 Section 4 Mobilizing for War

16. Chapter 13 Quiz on Friday

17. Mobilizing the Armed Forces • Millions volunteered for the service after attack on Pearl Harbor • FDR had reinstated the draft in 1940 • 16 million Americans entered armed forces during WWII

18. Women & the Armed Forces • Women not permitted for combat roles • Women performed non-combat roles in the U.S. armed forces • Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES) - Clerical work for the Navy • 10,000 women • Women Air Force Service Pilots (WASPS) - Tested & delivered aircraft - 1,000 served • 40 died • Women’s Army Corps (WAC) - Repaired equipment, worked as electricians, etc • 150,000 women served • Full fledged members of army, received army benefits • led by Col. Oveta Culp Hobby

20. Mobilizing Industry • U.S. had to rapidly equip its growing military • Business converted from civilian to military production - 125,000 tanks in 1942 - 125,000 aircraft in 1942 - Transport “liberty ships” produced in 4 ½ days • The Federal government regulated industry: • what factories produced • what they could charge • how raw materials were used

21. Rosie the Riveter • Men were leaving factory jobs to join armed forces • 6.5 million women took industrial jobs that had never been open to women before • Rosie the Riveter symbolized strength of American working women

22. Labor in WWII • Government spending on the military ended the Great Depression - Millions joined unions • National War Labor Relations Board created in 1942 to help settle labor disputes • Smith-Connally Act (1943) gave president the power to take over vital industries in event of strikes • Goal was to reduce strikes, ensure war production

23. Mobilizing Science Manhattan Project • Top-secret program to build the atomic bomb - Los Alamos New Mexico - Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer - Program began in 1939

24. Fighting for Freedom at Home African Americans in the Military • First African American marines • First African American naval officers Prejudice continued • Fought in segregated unites • No African American soldiers received a Medal of Honor

25. Fighting for Freedom at Home African Americans in the Work Force • Many African Americans took factory jobs • Worked for lower wages • A. Philip Randolph organized a protest in Washington D.C. to protest discrimination • FDR outlawed discrimination in defense jobs • Marched cancelled

26. Fighting for Freedom at Home Challenges for Hispanic Americans • High demand for farm labor • Bracero Program (1942) - Gave Mexican workers chance to temporarily live in U.S. • Arrival of Hispanics increased ethnic tensions - Zoot Suit Riots (1943) - Week of riots between white sailors and Mexican youths in L.A.

27. Create a propaganda poster • The goal of your poster is to gain support the war effort in the U.S. • Target your poster to a specific group. - Women, workers, soldiers to enlists, etc • On the back, write an explanation of any symbolism/images on the poster