“The New South”

1. 438-446 - Draw conclusions from statistics. - Describe how the south recovered following Reconstruction.

2. Directions: * You will have about 5-10 minutes to brainstorm the main points of your assigned section. Each group will then present and discuss the information with the class while the other students take notes on the material. * Topics:1. The introduction pp. 438-4392. The Newness of the South pp.439-440 3. An Industrial and Urban South pp.440-4414. The Limits of Industrial and Urban South pp.441-4435. Farms to Cities: Impact on Southerners pp443-4466. Handout: Reading & Interpreting Statistics – Write one conclusion or trend about each of the data sets.

3. “The New South” • Anna J. Cooper • Freed slave from Raleigh, NC who later earned a doctorate degree in Paris, then became an educator. • She stressed the importance of the role of women (especially black women) in striking down both white supremacy and male domination in the South. • Wrote a book “A Voice from the South” in 1892. • She demonstrated the optimistic, enthusiastic attitude many people had for the future of the South.

4. “The New South” • Period between 1877-1900 where the southern economy grew more industrialized… (but not Southern society). • The Solid South – white Democratic Party that purged most blacks and some whites from govern-ment between 1890-1950s.

5. “The New South” • Examples: • 1877 Southern mfg. made up less than 10% of nation’s total, by 1900 South had stronger industries. • Birmingham, AL became the iron and steel center. • Southern Textiles in Carolina Piedmont region surpassed New England as the leading textile mfg. region in the United States. Birmingham Steel Mill A Southern Cotton Mill in a Cotton Field

6. “The New South” • Examples (cont.) • Southern tobacco industry • Virginia dominated the tobacco industry. • Discovery of “bright-leaf” tobacco suitable for smoking stimulated growth of cigar- ette mfg. industry. • James Duke installed first cigarette making machine in his American Tobacco Company plant in 1884. Durham, NC Plant American Tobacco Company workers

7. “The New South” • Examples (cont.) • Coca-Cola industry • 1889 Dr. Pemberton sold rights to headache cure to Asa Chandler in Atlanta, GA. • Chandler improved the taste and marketed the product on a nationwide basis.

8. “The New South” • Examples (cont.) • Southern railroad construction • track mileage doubled 1880-90 (especially in TX, GA) • 1890 – 90% southerners lived in a county with RR. • 1886 southern RR’s agreed to standard track width linking it to rest of the nation.

9. Results of Industrial Growth in the South: • Growth was limited = hardly kept up with the North. • Southern share of mfg. grew only slightly (10.3% to 10.5%). • South’s capital (wealth) fell (11.5% to 11%). • Per capita (per person) income fell (72% of nations average to 50%). • All southern industries struggled later (except Duke). • Industrial workers in the South earned only half of the nation’s average and child labor was commonplace.

10. Results of Industrial Growth: • Growth was limited = hardly kept up with the North. • Many jobs were low paying, so workers couldn’t buy much or pay high taxes. • Low wages meant the South failed to attract and keep skilled workers. • Since the Civil War wiped out the South’s capital resources, Northern investors bought southern companies. • Low paying factory jobs also slowed urban growth in the South. • Southern culture grew to reject “Northern” influence, seeing it as a “Second Civil War”.

11. Statistics: • Copy at least one of the conclusions discussed for each data set: 1. During the 1890s there were several brief recessions, however, overall U.S. exports grew substantially. 2. The United States GNP experienced strong growth between 1870s and 1900. • As the U.S. population grew, more and more people settled in cities during the late nineteenth century. • As railroads expanded in the late 1800s, the demand and supply of steel increased.

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