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The Future and Upgrade Plans for the LHC: Achievements, Challenges, and Innovations

This presentation by Albert De Roeck provides an overview of the Large Hadron Collider's (LHC) history, current status, and future upgrade plans. It covers the LHC's operational parameters, beam energy and luminosity milestones, commissioning timeline, and necessary upgrades to both the machine and its detectors. Emphasis is placed on achieving higher luminosity and exploring new energy levels, alongside the expected challenges in detector technology. The presentation outlines studies in machine upgrades and the anticipated impact on future collisions and experimental results.

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The Future and Upgrade Plans for the LHC: Achievements, Challenges, and Innovations

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  1. Super-LHC Albert De Roeck CERN & Antwerp University

  2. The LHC Machine and Experiments LHCf (MOEDAL) pp collisions at 14 TeV totem

  3. The LHC: 22 Years Already! 1984 /LHC 1984: cms energy 10-18 TeV Luminosity 1031-1033cm-2s-1 1987: cms energy 16 TeV Luminosity 1033-1034cm-2s-1 Final: cms energy 14 TeV Luminosity 1033-1034cm-2s-1

  4. The LHC Progress & Schedule • The LHC Schedule(*) • LHC will be closed and set up for beam on 1 September 2007 • LHC commissioning will take time! • First collisions expected in November/December 2007 • A short pilot run • Collisions will be at injection • energy ie cms of 0.9 TeV • First physics run in 2008 ~ 0.1-1 fb-1? 14TeV! • Physics run in 2009 +… 10-20 fb-1/year 100 fb-1/year Crucial part: 1232 superconducting dipoles Can follow progress on the LHC dashboard http://lhc-new-homepage.web.cern.ch/lhc-new-homepage/ More than 1000 dipoles installed by now (*) eg. M. Lamont et al, September 2006. Achtung! Lumi estimates are mine, not from the machine

  5. 2007-2008 Ramping up the LHC hypothetical luminosity scenario J. Strait 2003: Not an “official” LHC plot Statistical error1/N Constant luminosity/year 1 year4 years16 years to half the stat error Luminosity= #events/cross-section/time If startup is as optimistic as assumed here (1034 cm-2s-1 in 2011 already) After ~3 years the simple continuation becomes less exciting Time for an upgrade?

  6. The LHC upgrade Already time to think of upgrading the machine if wanted in ~10 years Two options presently discussed/studied • Higher luminosity ~1035cm-2 s-1 (SLHC) • Needs changes of the machine and particularly of the detectors •  Start change to SLHC mode some time 2014-2016 •  Collect ~3000 fb-1/experiment in 3-4 years data taking. • Discussed in this talk • Higher energy? (DLHC) • LHC can reach s = 15 TeV with present magnets (9T field) • s of 28 (25) TeV needs ~17 (15) T magnets  R&D needed! • Even some ideas on increasing the energy by factor 3 (P. McIntyre)

  7. Machine Upgrade Studies 626 2002 Report on a machine study • Upgrade in 3 main Phases: • Phase 0 – maximum performance without hardware changes • Only IP1/IP5, Nb to beam beam limitL = 2.31034cm-2s-1 • Phase 1 – maximum performance while keeping LHC arcs unchanged • Luminosity upgrade (*=0.25m,#bunches,...)L = 5-101034cm-2s-1 • Phase 2 – maximum performance with major hardware changes to the LHC • Energy (luminosity) upgrade  Ebeam = 12.5 TeV

  8. nominal and ultimate LHC baseline upgrade 25 ns back-up upgrade 12.5 ns Bunch schemes for SLHC plus: large luminosity gain with minimal event pile up & impact of c more & shorter bunches concern: e-cloud, cryogenic load, LRBB, impedance, collimation, machine protection plus: large luminosity gain with no e-cloud, lower I, easier collimation & machine protection fewer & longer bunches concern: larger event pile up, impedance 75 ns plus: no e-cloud, lower I abandoned super-bunch concern: event pile up intolerable

  9. IP Upgrade Triplet moves closer to IP Dipole inside end disks? Possible scenario: magnets in the detectors

  10. Machine Parameters 1035cm-2s-1 peak luminosity seems possible Bunch crossing somewhere between 12.5 75 ns March 2006

  11. Machine Upgrade Studies Studies in the context of the CARE HHH Network HHH = High Energy High Intensity Hadron-Beam facilities in Europe http://care-hh.web.cern.ch/CARE-HHH/ Step 4 requires a new RF system Step 5: upgrade LHC cryogenics, collimation, beam dump systems… Further possible paths: flat beams, dipoles close to IP, crab cavities… Challenging but bigger challenges on the detector side

  12. LHC SLHC s 14 TeV 14 TeV Luminosity 1034 1035 Bunch spacing t 25 ns 12.5/75 ns pp (inelastic) ~ 80 mb ~ 80 mb N. interactions/x-ing ~ 20 ~ 100/600 (N=L pp t) dNch/d per x-ing ~ 150 ~ 750/4500 <ET> charg. particles ~ 450 MeV ~ 450 MeV Tracker occupancy 1 5/30 Dose central region 1 10 Detectors for SLHC • The present detectors need to be upgraded to cope with the higher occupancy and • radiation • Detector R&D program Normalised to LHC values. 104 Gy/year R=25 cm In a cone of radius = 0.5  ET ~ 80GeV from pile up. This will make low Et jet triggering and reconstruction difficult. Academic training lectures http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a056409

  13. Pile up… HZZ  ee event with MH= 300 GeV for different luminosities 1032 cm-2s-1 1033 cm-2s-1 1034 cm-2s-1 1035 cm-2s-1

  14. Example of Detector Upgrades Tracker detector of both CMS & ATLAS will need to be replaced  Occupancy, radiation Include the tracker in the L1 trigger? • Study, detector R&D and production takes time! • Possible scenario: Proceed in two steps • Include new layers in the present tracker during the LHC running • Upgrade to full new tracker system by SLHC (8-10 years from LHC Startup)  ATLAS & CMS upgrade workshops since ~two years ..

  15. Detectors Upgrades for SLHC • Modest upgrade of ATLAS, CMS needed for channels with • hard jets, , large ETmiss • Major upgrades (new trackers ..) for full benefit of higher L: • e ID, b-tag, -tag, forward jet tagging, trigger upgrade e.g • a tracking trigger…  Study Physics Potential of the LHC • Detector Performance Assumed • Performance at L = 1035cm-2s-1 is comparable to that at 1034cm-2s-1 !! • Some know degradations taken into account in individual analyses • Integrated Luminosity per Experiment • 1000 (3000) fb-1 per experiment for 1 (3) year(s) of at L = 1035cm-2s-1. • Pile-up added • Corresponding to 12.5 bunch crossing distance scenario

  16. Extending the Physics Potential of LHC • Electroweak Physics • Production of multiple gauge bosons (nV 3) • triple and quartic gauge boson couplings • Top quarks/rare decays • Higgs physics • Rare decay modes • Higgs couplings to fermions and bosons • Higgs self-couplings • Heavy Higgs bosons of the MSSM • Supersymmetry • Extra Dimensions • Direct graviton production in ADD models • Resonance production in Randall-Sundrum models TeV-1 scale models • Black Hole production • Quark substructure • Strongly-coupled vector boson system • WLZL g WLZL , ZLZL scalar resonance, W+LW +L • New Gauge Bosons Examples studied in some detail Include pile up, detector… hep-ph/0204087

  17. W W g, Z Standard Model Physics • Precision measurements of Standard Model processes and parameters • Deviations of expectations can point to new physics or help to understand new observed phenomena TGCs Rare top decays Higgs …

  18. W W g, Z Triple/Quartic Gauge Couplings Triple gauge couplings: W,WZ production Production of multiple gauge bosons: statistics limited at LHC E.g. # events with full leptonic decays, Pt>20 GeV/c, ||<2.5, 90% eff for 6000 fb-1 Typically gain of a factor of 2 in precision

  19. Top Quark Properties SLHC statistics can still help for rare decays searches Results in units of 10-5 Ideal = MC 4-vector Real = B-tagging/cuts as for 1034cm-2s-1 -tag = assume only B-tag with muons works at 1035cm-2s-1 tq tqZ Can reach sensitivity down to ~10-6 BUT vertex b-tag a must at 1035cm-2s-1

  20. The Higgs at the LHC (SM) • First step • Discover a new Higgs-like particle at the LHC, or exclude its existence • Second step • Measure properties of the new particle to prove it is the Higgs • Measure the Higgs mass • Measure the Higgs width • Measure cross sections x branching ratios • Ratios of couplings to particles (~mparticle) • Measure decays with low Branching ratios (e.g H) • Measure CP and spin quantum numbers (scalar particle?) • Measure the Higgs self-coupling (HHH), in order to reconstruct the Higgs potential LHC~1 good year of data SLHC added value Only then we can be sure it is the Higgs particle we were looking for

  21. gHff Channel mH S/B LHC S/B SLHC (600 fb-1) (6000 fb-1) H  Z   ~ 140 GeV ~ 3.5 ~ 11 H   130 GeV ~ 3.5 (gg+VBF) ~ 9.5 (gg) Higgs Decays Modes Rare Higgs Decays gH/gH? Channels studied:  H  Z    H   Branching ratio ~ 10-4 for these channels! Cross section ~ few fb Higgs Couplings (ratios) Can be improved with a factor of 2: 20%10% at SLHC

  22. ~ v mH2 = 2  v2 Higgs Self Coupling Measurements Once the Higgs particle is found, try to reconstruct the Higgs potential Djouadi et al. Dawson et al. /2 << 3/2 Difficult/impossible at the LHC

  23. Higgs Self Coupling Baur, Plehn, Rainwater HH  W+ W- W+ W-   jj jj Limits achievable at the 95% CL. for =(-SM)/SM LHC: = 0 can be excluded at 95% CL. SLHC:  can be determined to 20-30% (95% CL) For MH ~ 150 -180 GeV Note: Different conclusion from ATLAS study no sensitivity at LHC and smaller sensitivity at SLHC. Jury is still out

  24. Lower Higgs Masses Baur, Plehn, Rainwater • ppbb not useable • ppbb promising •  For mH=120 GeV and 600 fb-1 • expect 6 events at the LHC • with S/B~ 2 (single b tag) • Potentially interesting measurement at the SLHC (if efficient b-tagging ) mvis Needs accurate prediction of the bb background rate Experimental checks needed

  25. SUSY Higgses h,H,A,H In the green region only SM-like h observable with 300 fb-1/exp Red line: extension with 3000 fb-1/exp Blue line: 95% excl. with 3000 fb-1/exp Heavy Higgs observable regionincreased by ~100 GeV at the SLHC.

  26. Beyond the Standard Model New physics expected around the TeV scale  Stabelize Higgs mass, Hierarchy problem, Unification of gauge couplings, CDM,… Supersymmetry Extra dimensions +… + a lot of other ideas… Split SUSY, Little Higgs models, new gauge bosons, technicolor, compositness,..

  27. 5 contours CMS tan=10 Supersymmetry Reach: LHC and SLHC Impact of the SLHC Extending the discovery region by roughly 0.5 TeV i.e. from ~2.5 TeV  3 TeV This extension involved high ET jets/leptons and missing ET  Not compromised by increased pile-up at SLHC

  28. SLHC: tackle difficult SUSY scenarios Squarks: 2.0-2.4 TeV Gluino: 2.5 TeV Can discover the squarks at the LHC but cannot really study them Pt >700 GeV & Etmiss>600 GeV Pt of the hardest jet eg. Point K in hep-ph/0306219 signal Exclusive channel qq 10 10 qq S/B =120/30 (3000fb-1) Higgs in 2 decay 21h becomes Visible at 3000 fb-1 Inclusive: Meff> 4000 GeV S/B = 500/100 (3000 fb-1) ~~ Measurements of some difficult scenarios become possible at the SLHC

  29. Extra Dimension Signals at the LHC example Graviton production! Graviton escapes detection Large (ADD) type of Extra Dimensions Signal: single jet + large missing ET escape! About 25% increase in reach

  30. SLHC: KK gravitons Randall Sundrum model  Predicts KK graviton resonances  k= curvature of the 5-dim. Space  m1 = mass of the first KK state TeV scale ED’s  KK excitations of the ,Z T.Rizzo SLHC 95% excl. limits Direct: LHC/600 fb-1 6 TeV SLHC/6000 fb-1 7.7 TeV Interf:SLHC/6000 fb-1 20 TeV 1001000 fb-1:Increase in reach by 25%

  31. New gauge bosons  SLHC 1000 fb-1  LHC 100 fb-1 LHC reach ~ 4.0 TeV with 100 fb-1 ~ 1.0 TeV Gain in reach ~ 1.0 TeV i.e. 25-30% in going from LHC to SLHC

  32. Spin analysis (Z’RS gravitons) Luminosity required to discriminate a spin-1 from spin-2 hypothesis at the 2 level  May well be a case for the SLHC  Also: SUSY particle spin analysis (Barr, Webber, Smiley) need > 100 fb-1

  33. q q VL VL VL q VL q Strongly Coupled Vector Boson System If no Higgs, expect strong VLVL scattering (resonant or non-resonant) at • Could well be difficult at LHC. What about SLHC? • degradation of fwd jet tag and central jet veto due to huge pile-up • BUT : factor ~ 10 in statistics  5-8 excess in W+L W+L scattering •  other low-rate channels accessible

  34. WZ vector resonance in VB scattering Vector resonance(ρ-like) in WLZL scattering from Chiral Lagrangian model M = 1.5 TeV300 fb-1 (LHC) vs 3000 fb-1 (SLHC) lepton cuts: pt1 > 150 GeV, pt2 > 100 GeV, pt3 > 50 GeV; Etmiss > 75 GeV These studies require both forward jet tagging and central jet vetoing! Expected (degraded) SLHC performance is included At LHC: S = 6.6 events, B = 2.2 events At SLHC: S/B ~ 10

  35. Indicative Physics Reach Ellis, Gianotti, ADR hep-ex/0112004+ updates Units are TeV (except WLWL reach) Ldt correspond to 1 year of running at nominal luminosity for 1 experiment • PROCESS LHCSLHC DLHC VLHCVLHC LC LC • 14 TeV14 TeV 28 TeV 40 TeV 200 TeV 0.8 TeV 5 TeV • 100 fb-11000 fb-1 100 fb-1 100 fb-1100 fb-1 500 fb-1 1000 fb-1 • Squarks 2.534 5200.4 2.5 • WLWL24 4.5 7 18 6 90 • Z’ 56811 358†30† • Extra-dim (=2) 91215 25 655-8.5† 30-55† • q* 6.57.5 9.5 13 750.8 5 • compositeness 3040 40 50100 100 400 TGC () 0.00140.0006 0.0008 0.0003 0.0004 0.00008 † indirect reach (from precision measurements) Approximate mass reach machines: s = 14 TeV, L=1034 (LHC) : up to  6.5 TeV s = 14 TeV, L=1035 (SLHC) : up to  8 TeV s = 28 TeV, L=1034 (DLHC) : up to  10 TeV

  36. Summary: LHC Upgrade The LHC luminosity upgrade to 1035 cm-2s-1 In general: SLHC gives a good physics return for “modest” cost, basically independent of the physics scenario chosen by Nature  It is a natural upgrade of the LHC  Extend the LHC discovery mass range by 25-30% (SUSY,Z’,EDs,…)  Higgs self-coupling measurable with a precision of (20-30%)  Rear decays accessible: H, Z, top decays…  Improved Higgs coupling ratios by a factor of 2,…  TGC precision measurements… •  It will be a challenge for the experiments! • Needs detector R&D starting now: Tracking, electronics, trigger, endcaps, radiation, shielding… •  CMS and ATLAS have working groups/workshops on SLHC The energy upgrade DLHC is certainly more costly and up in the future

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