BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTERS Prepared By: Bajaj Coaching Center Rohtak bcc2000.com

1. BASIC CONCEPTS OFCOMPUTERS Prepared By:Bajaj Coaching Center Rohtakbcc2000.com

2. Computer • The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate” • Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed • A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

3. Data Processing • The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing Data Capture Data Manipulate Data Output Results Information • Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

4. Evolution of Computers • Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 • Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers • He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822 • He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions • His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

5. Some Well Known Early Computers • The Mark I Computer (1937-44) • The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) • The ENIAC (1943-46) • The EDVAC (1946-52) • The EDSAC (1947-49) • Manchester Mark I (1948) • The UNIVAC I (1951) Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

6. Computer Generations • “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry. • Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software • Till today, there are five computer generations Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

7. First generation computer Period : 1945 – 1956 Inviter : Lee de Forest Main processing device : Vacuum tubes Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

8. Vacuum tubes Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

9. Punched curds Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

10. Large punched cards Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

11. . First generation computer Advantages : . It was only electronic device . First device to hold memory Disadvantages : . Too bulky i.e. large in size . Vacuum tubes burn frequently . They were producing heat . Maintenance problems Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

12. Too bulky i.e. large in size Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

13. Vacuum tubes burn frequently Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

14. Maintenance problems Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

15. . Second generation computer Period : 1956 – 1963 Inviter : William Shockley Main processing device : Transistor Storage media : Magnetic disc Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

16. Transistor 1 2 Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

17. Second generation computer Advantages : . Size reduced considerably . The very fast . Very much reliable Disadvantages : . They over heated quickly . Maintenance problems Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

18. Third generation computer Period :1964 – 1971 Inviter :Jack Kilby Robert Noyce Main processing device :IC (integrated circuit) Storage media :Floppies Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

19. IC (integrated circuit) Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

20. Third generation computer Advantages : . ICs are very small in size . Improved performance . Production cost cheap Disadvantages : . ICs are sophisticated Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

21. . Fourth generation computer Period : 1971– present Inviter : Ted Hoff Main processing device : ICs with VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Storage media : Floppies, CDs. Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

22. ICs with VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

23. . Fifth generation computer Period : present and beyond Main processing device : ICs with parallel processing Storage media : Video disks Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK Advantages : . Artificial intelligence . Expert system

24. . First generation computer . Second generation computer Vacuum tubes Transistors . Third generation computer . Fourth generation computer ICs ICs with VLSI Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK . Fifth generation computer ICs with parallel processing

25. Characteristics Of A Computer Computer is a group of electronic devices used to process the data. The characteristics of a computer are: 1. Speed 2. Reliability 3. Memory capacity 4. Accuracy 5. Automation 6. Functionality 7. Tirelessness Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

26. Speed: computer process the data at an unimaginable speed. The speed of the computer ranges up to Nano seconds. • 2.Reliability: The next important characteristic of a computer is its reliability. we can always rely on the information given by a computer. • 3. Memory capacity: The memory capacity of a computer is measured in in bits and bytes. Large amount of the data can be stored in computer and retrieved. Memory capacity of the computer ranges in Giga bytes. Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

27. 4. Accuracy: Accuracy of the computer is very high it performs calculation with greater accuracy in less time. 5. Automation: a computer allows automation for any process designed in the from of a program. A program can be executed any number of times to repeat the process. Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK

28. 6. functionality: computer can performs many kinds of jobs. They not process the data but also can be Used for plying music, movies, and printing jobs. It finds its applications in all most all the fields. 7. Tirelessness: A computer never gate tired. Bajaj Coaching Center,ROHTAK