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When Media Aren’t Media: The Concept of (Tele)presence

When Media Aren’t Media: The Concept of (Tele)presence. Matthew Lombard Temple University BTMM 3446/8446 March 2, 2010. Overview. What is presence? Why is it important? What are causes and effects? What are research goals? Resources for learning more. What Is Presence?.

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When Media Aren’t Media: The Concept of (Tele)presence

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  1. When Media Aren’t Media: The Concept of (Tele)presence Matthew Lombard Temple University BTMM 3446/8446 March 2, 2010

  2. Overview • What is presence? • Why is it important? • What are causes and effects? • What are research goals? • Resources for learning more

  3. What Is Presence? The evolution of media technologies - drawings, print, radio, film, television, computers, videogames, IMAX, simulator rides, virtual reality, virtual worlds, artificial intelligence agents…

  4. What Is Presence? … has produced mediated experiences that seem increasingly natural, intuitive, comfortable, easy, automatic, because the technology seems increasingly less like technology.

  5. What Is Presence? • Transportation • Realism • Immersion • Social richness • Social actor within medium • Medium as social actor

  6. What Is Presence? Presence as transportation • “Being there” or “you are there” • “It is here” • “We are together” (shared space)

  7. “You are there”

  8. “You are there”

  9. “You are there”

  10. “You are there”

  11. “It is here”

  12. “It is here”

  13. “It is here”

  14. “It is here”

  15. “We are there” (shared space)

  16. What Is Presence? Presence as realism • Perceptual realism • Social realism

  17. Realism

  18. Realism

  19. Realism

  20. What Is Presence? Presence as immersion

  21. Immersion

  22. Immersion

  23. What Is Presence? Presence as social richness

  24. Social Richness • Social presence theory (Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976) and media richness theory (Rice, 1992) • Medium characteristics allow for different levels of intimacy and immediacy • Developed to match communication media and organizational tasks

  25. Social Richness

  26. What Is Presence? Presence as social actor within medium

  27. Social Actor within Medium

  28. Social Actor Within Medium Lara Diki T-babe Webbie- Tookay

  29. What Is Presence? Presence as medium as social actor

  30. Medium As Social Actor

  31. Medium As Social Actor

  32. Medium As Social Actor

  33. Medium As Social Actor

  34. Medium as Social Actor

  35. Medium As Social Actor

  36. What Is Presence? • Perceptual illusion of nonmediation • Real time during media use • Not a disorder or abnormal • Property of media user • Result of media form and content, media user characteristics and media context/environment

  37. Why Is Presence Important? • It’s ‘central’ – relates to many fields and endeavors • It will be increasingly common • It has many potential effects

  38. Causes of Presence Form variables Number of sensory outputs Consistency of sensory outputs Visual display characteristics Image quality ** Image size ** ** Viewing distance ** ** Proportion of visual field ** Motion Color Dimensionality Subjective camera techniques

  39. Causes of Presence Aural presentation characteristics Quality (frequency range, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio) Spatialization (dimensionality) Volume Interactivity Number of inputs from user the medium accepts and responds to Number and type of characteristics of mediated presentation/experience user can modify

  40. Causes of Presence Interactivity (cont’d) Range or amount of change possible in each characteristic user can modify Degree of correspondence between type of user input and type of medium response Speed of medium response (lag time) Obtrusiveness of medium Live versus recorded or constructed experience Number of people

  41. Causes of Presence Content variables Social realism Use of media conventions (formula plot/dialogue, etc.) Nature of task or activity Ambiguity Difficulty Emotionality

  42. Causes of Presence Media user variables Willingness to suspend disbelief Knowledge of and prior experience with the medium Personality type Interests Preferred representational system (visual, auditory, or kinesthetic) Cognitive style Propensity to "screen" stimuli Mood before/during/after media use Age, Gender

  43. Effects of Presence Physiological Arousal Vection and simulation sickness (dizziness, eyestrain, disorientation, dysphoria, standing and walking unsteadiness, nausea) Automatic responses (e.g., flinching, ducking, grasping chair) Reduced eye-hand coordination Flashbacks Illusory sensations (e.g., of climbing and turning) Reduced motor control

  44. Effects of Presence Psychological and Behavioral Enjoyment Involvement Task performance Skills training Desensitization Persuasion Parasocial interaction and relationships Memory and social judgment

  45. Presence and Social Judgments

  46. Presence and Social Judgments

  47. Presence and Social Judgments

  48. Presence and Social Judgments

  49. Presence and Social Judgments

  50. Presence Research • Goals • Identify and manipulate causes • Understand and develop cohesive theory of cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes of telepresenc • Identify, measure and manipulate consequences of telepresence

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