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Learning Objectives

Learn about the six steps of programming, compare design tools, understand program testing and error removal, explore CASE tools and object-oriented software development, and discover the five generations of programming languages.

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Learning Objectives

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  2. Learning Objectives Define programming of and describe the six steps of programming. Compare design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures. Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors. Describe CASE tools and object-oriented software development. Explain the five generations of programming languages.

  3. Introduction In this chapter, you focus on Phase 4, Systems Development, of the systems life cycle and learn about the programming process and some of the programming languages that are available Competent end users need tounderstand the relationshipbetween systems developmentand programming

  4. Programs and Programming Software Development Life Cycle Program A problem-solving procedure • A list of instructions to accomplish a task • Prewritten/packaged • Custom-made Programming • A list of instructions for the computer to follow to process data • Software Development Life Cycle

  5. Step 1: Program Specification Also called program definition or program analysis Five steps to complete in the process

  6. Program Specification in Step 1 Program objectives Desired output Input data Processing requirements Program specifications document

  7. Step 2: Program Design • Plan a solution using structured programming techniques • Top-down design • Pseudocode • Flowcharts • Logic structures

  8. Top-Down Program Design Return Identify the program modules required

  9. Pseudocode Return Provide an outline of the logic and summarize the program you will write

  10. Flowcharts Flowchart Symbols Return Graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem

  11. Logic Structures Repetition Sequence Selection Sequential structure Selection structure Repetition structure

  12. Step 3: Program Code Coding • Writing the program • Characteristics of a good program • Reliable • Produces the correct output • Catches common input errors • Well-documented and understandable • Structured Programs • Logic structures

  13. Coding in Step 3 Write the program Programminglanguages

  14. Step 4: Program Test • Debugging • Test code • Eliminate errors • Syntax errors • Logic errors • Testing process

  15. Step 5: Program Documentation • Written descriptions about a program • Carried on throughout the programing steps • Important for people who will use and/or support the program • Users • Operators • Programmers

  16. Step 6: Program Maintenance • 75% of total lifetime cost • Ensures program is • Error-free • Effective • Efficient • Two activity categories • Operations • Patches • Software updates • Changing needs • Agile development

  17. Case Tools and Object-Oriented Programming CASE Tool: Providing code generation assistance • Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) • Automates portions of the development process • Object-oriented software – OOP • Focuses less on procedures, more on relationships • Objects contain both the data and the processing operations needed to perform a task

  18. Generations of Programming Languages • Levels or Generations • Coding from machine languages to human or natural languages • There are five distinct generations • Lower level is closer to machine language • Higher level is closer to human-like language

  19. Generations of Programming Languages (Cont.) 1st Gen: Machine languages 2nd Gen: Assembly languages 3rd Gen: High level procedural languages (3GLs) 4th Gen: Task-oriented languages (4GLs) 5th Gen: Problem and Constraint languages (5GL)

  20. End of Chapter 8

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