3 rd Quarter Review

1. 3rd Quarter Review

2. 1. What is biodiversity? (page 150) • Sum total of the genetically based variety of species in the biosphere • The more variation=more biodiversity

3. 2.What is ecosystem diversity? (page 150) • The variety of habitats, communities and ecological processes in the living world

4. 3. Unexpected changes in ecosytems can have what type of consequences? • Destabilization

5. 4.What is genetic diversity?(page 150) • The sum total of all the different forms of genetic information (allele combinations)

6. 5.Why is biodiversity important? (page 150-151) • It provides foods, industrial products and medicine. The larger variety of species provides stability to the environment and makes it better prepared for major changes ex. Disease, disasters.

7. 6. What affects biodiversity? • -Alteration in habitat ex. Loss of forest area • -Hunting of species to extinction • -Introducing poisons/toxins ex. pollution • -Introducing of nonnative species ex. They could fight for same food supply or space and may not be limited by predators. • Immigration & emmigration

8. 7.What makes a population increase? • -immigration • -increased birth rate

9. 8.What makes a population decrease? • -emigration • -increased death rate

10. 9.Define niche. • The role an organism has in its environment aka its job-ex. getting food, how it survives etc.

11. 10.Define camouflage and the importance of predator-prey relationship. • When an organism blends with the environment allowing predators to sneak up on prey or prey to hide from predators

12. 11.Define organism. • Single individual

13. 12.Define population. • Organisms of same species in same place at one time

14. 13.Define community. • Interaction of different populations/species

15. 14.Define ecosystem. • Interactions of community (biotic) and abiotic factors

16. 15.What is a limiting factor? • Biotic or abiotic factors that restricts number of organisms

17. 16.What is the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth? Be able to identify the diagrams. • Exponential is a continuous growth (J shaped) and logistic levels off when populations reach carrying capacity (S shaped)

18. 17.What is the carrying capacity? • Largest number of organisms of a species that the environment can support (food, water & space)

19. 18.What is biotic? Give 2 examples • Living (or once living) parts of an environment-example plants and animals

20. 19.What is abiotic? Give 2 examples • Nonliving parts of an environment-example air, wind, dirt, rocks, water

21. 20.Describe the steps of the nitrogen cycle. • Nitrogen gas is converted by bacteria in soil for plants-plants use it and consumers eat plants to make proteins. See diagram on page 78

22. 21.Describe the steps of the carbon cycle. (page 77) • (Basic steps) Enters atmosphere as Carbon dioxide (human activity-burning fossil fuels, volcanic activity& respiration) and are taken into plants for photosynthesis (to make oxygen & to make carbohydrates) See diagram on page 77

23. 22.Describe the steps of the water cycle. (page 75) • (Basic steps) Evaporation & transpiration-condensation-precipitation

24. 23.What relationships affect populations? Define both. • -Predator-Prey=one kills & feeds off another • -Symbiosis=close & permanent relationship between 2 organisms (no killing)

25. 24.What are the symbiotic relationships & who gets helped/hurt/no effect? • -Mutualism=(+ +) both species benefit • -Commensalism=(+ 0) One species benefits & the other isn’t helped or hurt • -Parasitism=(+ -) One species benefits and the other is harmed (not killed)

26. 25.What is a food web & why is it more useful than a food chain? • Shows all the possible energy relationships-represents nature better

27. 26.From largest (producer) to smallest, put the energy pyramid in order. • Producer/autotroph-Primary (plants) consumer/herbivore-Secondary (deer) • consumer/omnivore or carnivore-tertiary consumer/carnivore (lion)

28. 27.What is an energy pyramid and why is the bottom larger than the top? • Shows the amount of energy available at each level-The top is smaller because 90% of the available energy of each level is used for living processes or lost as heat to the environment. Therefore, there is less energy passed on to the next level.

29. 28. What 2 levels are most vital in the energy pyramid? • Producers and decomposers

30. 29.What happens to the energy amounts as it goes up (toward tertiary)? • 90% is used by the organism & lost as heat and 10% is passed on to the next level

31. 30.What are the types of heterotrophs and briefly describe each. • -herbivore-eats plants only • -omnivore-eats both plants and animals • -carnivore-eats animals only • -detrivore/scavenger-eats dead animals • -decomposer-gets nutrients from breaking down and absorbing material down from dead organisms

32. 31.Define evolution. • Change over time by Natural Selection

33. 32.Who is the famous evolutionist that wrote the controversial book On the Origin of Species and studied the diversity of organisms (finches & tortoises) on the Galapagos Islands? • Charles Darwin a naturalist

34. 33. What did Darwin conclude was the cause of the island diversity? • Natural Selection

35. 34. Natural selection acts upon ________ (geno/pheno) type and results in a change in the _________ (geno/pheno) type. • geno pheno

36. 35.What is the divergent pattern of evolution? • Related species become different from each other usually because of differing habitats

37. 36.What is the convergent pattern of evolution? • Unrelated species come together to become similar usually because they are in the same environment

38. 37.What is the co evolution pattern of evolution? • Two species evolve in response to changes in each other ( ex. insects becoming poison resistant because plant makes poison)

39. 38.What are the 5 main evidence types that are used to prove evolution? Briefly describe each. • -Fossils-remains of dead things • -Vestigial structures-parts without a CURRENT function, but had function for ancestor (example-appendix in humans, wings on ostriches, & pelvic bones in whales) • -Embryology-Study of organisms in earliest stages of life (example fish, reptiles, birds & mammals all have gill slits & tails as embryos) • -DNA-Similar sequences of DNA showing relationships (Ex. Humans & chimpanzees are 98% similar in DNA • -Homologous Structures-Parts with similar patterns but may have different functions (ex. Birds wing and an alligator arm)

40. 39.Define speciation. • A group of organisms that look alike & can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

41. 40.What is gradualism? • Speciation occurs through a slow change of adaptations

42. 41.What is punctuated equilibrium? • Speciation occurs in bursts with long period of no change

43. 42.What happens in directional equilibrium? Know what it looks like. • Favors one extreme variation of a trait-can lead to a new species • See diagram on page 398

44. 43.What happens in stabilizing equilibrium? Know what it looks like. • Favors the average trait-reduces variation of organisms • See diagram on page 399

45. 44.What happens in disruptive equilibrium? Know what it looks like. • Favors both extreme variation of a trait (example large and small)-can lead to evolution of two new species • See diagram on page 399

46. 45.Define natural selection. • The organisms with useful variations for their environment survive & reproduce successfully • “Survival of the fittest”

47. 46.Define homozygous • When both alleles are dominant (ex. AA) or recessive (aa)

48. 47.Define heterozygous. • A recessive and dominant allele combination example Aa (Expresses the dominant trait)

49. 48.Define dominant. • The allele that masks a recessive allele when they are combined a heterozygous combination. • Represented by a capital letter

50. 49.Define recessive. • combination. Expressed with a lowercase letter