Printmaking Review 3 rd Quarter Unit 2013

1. Printmaking Review 3rd Quarter Unit 2013 Instructor Nancy Carty Visual Art IV Honors/ IB Diploma HL Test on Printmaking March 20th On Part I Test on Part II will be April 18th

2. Introduction to Rubbings The earliest form of making multiple images took place in the form of Rubbings. In China rice paper was laid out over a stone or wood relief image 200 AD – 800 AD until the present IN England Parchment or thin tissue paper was used Wax Bars in various colors are rubbed over the surface to produce the image 1300- present in England and various parts of Europe

3. Chinese Rubbings or Paper Tracings from the Han and Quin Dynasties

4. History of Rubbings - China • The themes of religion and symbolism have played a profound role in Chinese art for thousands of years, and since the Song dynasty <em>(960-1279)</em>, scholar-gentlemen have utilized many of these images in their artistic endeavors. The pieces on display here reflect this type of art, but were produced during the Qing dynasty <em>(1644-1911)</em

5. Medieval Rubbings from England • These rubbings were done from brass plates which commemorate the lives of the individuals around 1400 – 1450 in England

6. Part I- History of PrintmakingNorthern Renaissance – Germany 1500 • In Europe the artist Albrecht Durer became famous for his work as an engraver working on both woodblocks and metal plates • Durer was responsible for bringing the accomplishments of the Italian Renaissance to Northern Europe in the 1500’s • His emphasis on drawing from observation, intense realism as well as anatomy and perspective helped to change the course of art in Germany.

7. Artist: Albrecht Durer Title: Four Horseman of the Apocalypse Knight, Devil and Death Date : 1513 Engraving Northern Renaissance - Germany This image relies heavily on the medieval use of symbolism The Knight represents a Christian soldier marching into A battle with evil The middle class in Germany Could afford to buy prints And they had the advantage of Being portable

8. Engraving Techniques • Engraving can be done on both wood and metal surfaces. In both instance a stylus or needle like drawing tool is used to scratch lines in the surface of the plate. Once the image is drawn on the surface, ink • is wiped into the lines so that the ink stays down in the • Small grooves of the design • The paper is then placed on top of the plate and a press • Is used to force the ink into the paper • This type of printing is also called INTAGLIO as the ink is located down in the lines of the design.

9. St. Jerome in his Study by Durer Another famous engraving by Durer Depicts St Jerome in his study ‘transcribing Biblical literature Most of Europe was illiterate So this image refers to St Jerome as a Renaissance Man with references to His knowledge of Math, History , Music, and the World Northern Renaissance , Germany The skull represents death The lion represents courage Here you see the artist’s mastery of persective, realism and lighting with incredible detail. Knowledge from Italy and the Italian Renaissance displayed here

10. Baroque Pd in Art HistoryPart I – Catholic Europe • The Baroque took place in the second half of the 17th century- 1630-1700 in most of Europe. Catholic • France , Italy , Spain and Flanders led the way in • New dramatic , bold dynamic imagery, Stong dramatic lighting was key and the focus was on dramtatizing an event. • France favored a more calm classical style ( George de la Tour and the roots of the Baroque began in Italy under the master of Carravaggio.

11. Baroque Painting in Italy and France- 1630-1670 • Carravaggio – the founder of this style • The Calling of St Mathew • Oil on Canvas • Early 1600’s • Note the dark • Dramatic • Lighting, Dark • Background • Focus on Emotion

12. Baroque- FrancePainting –Catholic Dominion • George de La Tour • Mary Madeline • Pregnant /Religious • Note the dramatic • Lighting of the candle • Symbolism of • The skull ( vanitas) • How death is around • The corner

13. France- Baroque- Classical Landscape – 1648- • Artist Claude Lorraine-Style set by the French Academy- under the direction of Louis XVI • Focus on a calm serene almost • Imaginary landscape • Homage to older • Classical themes of • Ancient Greece • Biblical Themes • The artist did not • Enjoy painting figures

14. Printmaking of Catholic Europe • The Prodigal Son Changes Clothes (L'Enfant prodigue change de vêtements) Religion and Classical Style • Artist :Abraham Bosse  (French, Tours 1602–1676 Paris) • Publisher: Published by Jean I Leblond (French, died Paris, 1666 ) Date: ca. 1636 Medium: Etching Dimensions: sheet: 10 3/16 x 12 13/16 in. (25.8 x 32.5 cm)

15. Baroque Classical Style in France Artist Abraham Bosse French Baroque Influence of Classical Style Religious Subject’ Matter The Prodigal Son Changes Clothes

16. The Baroque in Protestant HollandProtestant Reformation 1600-1690 The Protestant Reformation emphasized the word of God without decorum so the churches in Holland were without major adorment, Artists no longer had The patron of the church so they were forces to create Works of art in demand by a rising middle class who Wanted to purchase art – The schools of Landscape, Still Life and Portraiture were now born, Religious subject matter was still very important and many artists used printmaking as way to allow more patrons to buy art affordable, Prints were also more portable .

17. Rembrandt Van RijnDutch Baroque Artist -1601-1669 Rembrandt Van Rijn is one of the Most famous Dutch Baroque artists And was a very famous painter And printmaker He was able to provide a sizable Income working with portraiture The Protestant Reformation had Forced many artists to seek work Beyond the church A rising middle class that could afford Art gave rise to the traditions of Landscape, still life and portraiture

18. Rembrandt Self Portraits The portrait on the left reveals a youthful Rembrandt and his choice To use the two gold chains points to his wealth and status as a Painter. What does the portrait on the right say about his life?

19. Rembrandt as Printmaker • Rembrandt was also a masterful printmaker and his clients could well afford a print • He created many prints using the Bible as a literary source of inspiration • He also chose to create a version of St Jerome • In the Wilderness and depicts the theme of a lion as a symbol of courage and faith in • St. Jerome’s trust in God • This image is an engraving created on metal plates. Rembrandt was a master of light and shadow and movement in his prints.

20. Rembrandt portrait as a young man – Etching • This etching, created by Rembrandt is perhaps the best self portrait of all time. • This man looks very surprised, as if he had just been caught doing something he didn’t necessarily want others to know about. The etching also has a really great sense of motion. It looks as the man is in the middle of lifting up his head, both his brows and his mouth seem to be in the middle of forming some expression, but not quite there yet.

21. More etching portraits of Rembrandt- Dutch Baroque Pd

22. Rembrandt St Jerome in the Wilderness- Dutch Baroque • Rembrandt • 1653 • Etching • St Jerome in the • Wilderness in • an Italian Landscape

23. St Jerome in the Wilderness by Rembrandt-1653 Etching and Drypoint Etching involves the use of metal Plates which are covered with a Soft wax ground A design is then scratched into The surface to make the design The plates are then dropped in Acid baths to deepen the lines Into several values The plate is inked, and run through A press This process is called INTAGLIO How does this theme differ from that of Durer?

24. Compare and Contrast these two prints :

25. Both prints use the INTAGLIO printing process • Both are done on metal plates with a stylus • Both artists were able to sell their work to an affluent middle class in Northern Europe • Both arist’s rely on the use of symbolism Durer is more focused on scientific realism and spreading knowledge of technical skills he has gained Rembrandt is more interested in depicting a spiritual expression of the Bible In both cases many people could not read

26. Characteristics of Baroque • The Baroque paintings and sculptures and prints in Catholic Europe revolved around religious themes • Artists often had patrons associated with the church or the artistocracy –ruling class • However with the Protestant Reformation in the North – Holland the rise of a dominant middle class gave way to Still Life, Landscape and Portrait painting • Artists in the North had to create their own future as a result of selling their art work • Religion still plays a dominant theme in the subject matter.

27. Rembrandt the Nightwatch Nightwatch 1662 Oil Painting on Canvas Why was this painting so Controversial ?

28. The Syndicate of the Cloth GuildRembrandt 1662 Oil on Canvas What made this painting so successful ?

29. Themes of the Baroque • Emphasis on dramatic lighting and composition • In the North the artists broke away from the church as a patron and concentrated on • The development of portraiture, landscape and still life as a way of earning income • The last group portrait commission that Rembrandt created was very well received as each individual felt that they were honored in the painting by being represented equally

30. The Romantic Period in Art History • The Romantic Period in Art History incorporated some of the following themes • Artists reacted against the strict rules of the Classical and Neo Classical periods • The new style emphasized individual emotions and expressions • Romantic artists dealt with themes of social injustice, and the inhumanities of man in war, and society • Nature and mysticism is revered

31. Francisco Goya – Spanish painter and printmaker Page 390 Discover Art History Appointed court painter to King Charles the IV of Spain Initially his style was conservative but in 1792 after a severe illness he became DEAF The dark side of the civil war between Spain and France left strong impressions on the horrors of war His print the Sleep of Reason Produces monsters speaks to the horrors he experienced

32. The Sleep of Reason by Goya

33. Etching and Aquatint The Sleep of Reason Fransisco Goya Etching ( Intaglio) 1794-1799 The theme here addresses the Nightmares that Goya is having From experiencing the horrors Of war Etching is produced by engraving On metal plates which are then Dropped in to acid baths The shading is called aquatint

34. About Francisco Goya – Romantic Baroque Art in Spain • Printmaking was not just one of Goya's principal activities. The subjects of his celebrated Caprichos were inspired by popular imagery, sayings and concerns that had never before reached the level of “high” art. In the Tauromaquia, bullfights became a pretext for upending traditional formal values, and later, a touchstone for artists from Manet to Picasso. His Disasters of War stripped any veneer or comfort from the typical heroic renderings of historical events. His late works plumbed the imagination beyond rational limit, predicting Symbolism and Surrealism. In many senses, and more than his paintings, Goya's prints represent the dawn of modern art.

35. Goya the Disasters of WAR This print ( etching ( intaglio) with aquatint Is part of series of the Disasters of War Created by Goya during the Spanish Civil War – Above Left

36. Art History Movement of RealismFrance- • Realism emerges as the third and last movement in • Art history in the early 19th century ( 1800’s) • A main printmaker named Daumier captured the attention of his French audiences with the use • Of lithography in the daily newspapers • His work was satirical and in many ways an alleghory for the political times that he depicted

37. Daumier- Realism and Lithography Rue Transnonain, 1834 Paris Lithography by Daumier

38. Realism and depiction of the inequity of Social Classes Daumier The Third Class Carriage Oil Here Daumier depicts’ The reality of everyday Life as it occurs Life drawing and the Depiction of the hardship Of Life for the lower Class is evident here

39. END OF PART ITest on March 20th 2013 is on Part I • Study your notes • Know the five types of printmaking • Know the art history periods and how the period of art impacts the image • Know the subject matter and what is behind the imagery • Know your slides, dates, artists, • Study folks.

40. Japanese Printmaking • In Japan , the impact of Japanese woodcuts had an effect on European art in both Impressionism and Post Impressionism • The Japanese were wonderful and technical registration and the art form they produced was • Called Ukiyoe or Pictures of the Floating World • Edo later called Tokyo was the center for this art form and in general prints were produced on the themes of everyday life, the theatre, and changing weather conditions

41. Work of Hiroshige • One of the most famous Japanese printmakers was called Hokusai and he was famous for showing nature and changing weather conditions in everyday life • And the transience of everyday life

42. Woodcut by Hiroshige

43. Rain Shower on Ohashi Bridge 1857 Color Woodblock Print by Hiroshige Note the emphasis on the Flat shapes with the strong Negative space Traditional one point Perspective is not used on Japanese Printmaking

44. Haronobu

45. INFLUENCE OF JAPANESE PRINTMAKING ON MODERN ART • Many artists in the movements of Impressionism and Post Impressionism were influenced by the importation of Japanese prints • Their simplified forms and strong flattened shapes against a flat background provided the inspiration for ABSTRACTION in Modern Art

46. Post Impressionism artists influences from Japanese Prints • Toulouse L’Autrec was a printmaker who worked in Paris in the late 1800’s . He was part of the Post Impressionism movement which emphasized color and expression of a personal style • His subject matter revolved around the night club scene in Paris and many of his subjects were women • As L’Autrec was a hunchback his pessimistic view of women was reflected in unusual lighting and strong dynamic compositions

47. Lithography • Toulouse L’Autrec worked in the medium of Lithography which translates as stone printing, Heavy stones are ground to a smooth finish . A grease crayon or ink is used to draw on the surface of the stone. A chemical solution allows the grease to absorb into the stone . When the stone is ready for printing it is kept wet with water, The oil based ink adheres to the grease only and not the wet watery areas of the stone. Artists had a new freedom to draw their designs directly as a print

48. Toulouse L’AutrecLithographic Prints – late 1880’s Toulouse Lautrec Moulin Rouge La Goulue 1891 Paris Lithography Poster The new art form was the poster And L’Autrec was hired to design Posters for the Moulin Rouge in Paris

49. German Expressionism WWI • Kathe Kollewitz was the wife of a German doctor during WWI and she was very affected by the loss of life in WWI • As part of her efforts to draw attention to the large numbers of widows and orphans she created a series of lithography posters and drawings that increased public awareness of the problems in Germany at that time

50. KatheKollewitz /Artist-early 1930’s Lithography As A Means to Increase Social Awareness In ‘Society