1 / 94

Chapter Six

Chapter Six. The Roman Empire p. 192-223. From Republic to Empire. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, three men competed for his power. Octavian (Augustus) - Caesar's adopted son Marc Antony Lepidus Also, Sextus , Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great, was trying to gain power.

kent
Download Presentation

Chapter Six

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter Six The Roman Empire p. 192-223

  2. From Republic to Empire • After the assassination of Julius Caesar, three men competed for his power. • Octavian (Augustus) - Caesar's adopted son • Marc Antony • Lepidus • Also, Sextus, Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great, was trying to gain power

  3. From Republic to Empire Part II • Octavian defeated Antony in a battle and then had himself appointed as consul. He then formed the Second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus to aveng the murder of Caesar. • In 40 BCE, the Triumvirate met in Brundisium to divide the Roman world amongst themselves. • Octavian controlled the east • Antony controlled the west • Lepidus controlled Africa

  4. From Republic To Empire Part III • Also, Antony married Octavia, Octavian's sister, to seal the pact. • Lepidus left the Triumvirate to become Pontifex Maximus.

  5. Antony and Cleopatra • In 36 BCE, Marcus Agrippa defeated Sexutus Pompey in a naval battle. • In the same year, Antony met and married Cleopatra VII, the Queen of Egypt • Antony and Cleopatra married for love, not political power • By marrying Cleopatra, Antony rejected Octavia and Octavian. • Octavia never recognized the divorce from Antony.

  6. Antony and Cleopatra Part II • Cleopatra had previously been involved with Julius Caesar and had his son -- Ptolemy Caesar (Caesarion). • Antony and Cleopatra had three children together and gave all of them their own kingdoms to rule.

  7. Antony and Cleopatra Part III • Antony and Cleopatra's idyllic life together ended on 23 September 31 BCE when Octavian and Agrippa defeated them at the Battle of Actium. • In 30 BCE, Antony and Cleopatra both committed suicide.

  8. Antony and Cleopatra Part IV • Because of his dynastic threat, Caesarion was immediately killed. • Cleopatra's three other children were sent to live with Octavia, who also looked after Antony's children from a previous marriage, as well as her children from a previous marriage and her marriage with Antony.

  9. The Age of Augustus • In January 27 BCE, Octavian formally returned the state to the Senate and the People. • For this act, he was given the name "Augustus" (dignified or opposing) • Augustus personally kept control of all the territories with large armies. • Provinces with small armies were given back to the Senate. • Egypt was ruled as Augustus' private kingdom.

  10. The Age of Augustus Part II • In 23 BCE, Augustus became Tribune of the People and in 12 BCE, he became Pontifex Maximus, and thus had all the decision making power in Rome. • Augustus had given birth to the Roman Empire with him as the first Roman Emperor.

  11. The Principate • Augustus tried very hard through his reign not to upset anyone. • He was neither arrogant nor decadent, and ruled Rome skillfully as primus inter pares (first among equals) - Principate. • Augustus championed the cause of peace, and the benefits of this peace were told in the fine arts and literature of the time. • Augustus and his family were personally responsible for rebuilding 82 temples and public places, including the forum Romanum, and they built the new forum.

  12. The Principate Part II • August revamped the administration of the Roman Empire • Made the career of official in provincial government of in the army desirable • Created a professional civil service • Created the vigiles, a combination police force and fire fighting brigade • Augustus also linked the worship with Roma with the worship of himself, sometimes as New Zeus

  13. The Principate Part III • Augustus fostered the spread of "Romanity" and really did find a city of bricks and left it one of marble. • Two factors contributed to the success of the Principate • People's desire for peace after years of civil war • Augustus lived a long time, and outlived many potential heirs

  14. The Administration of the Provinces • The word provincia referred to an area of responsibility in which a magistrate had power (imperium) • Provinciacame to applied to a geographical area for which magistrates were responsible • Provincial governor was usually an ex-consul or ex-praetor and he commanded the occupying army, led the bureaucracy of financial and other assistants, for whom taxation was a very important function

  15. The Arts in the Age of Augustus • Augustus used art as a tool for propaganda and used art and architecture throughout the Empire to show the power and legitimacy of the emperor • During the Principate, visual arts – architecture, wall painting, mosaics, and sculpture – all flourished

  16. The Arts Part II • Augustus completed the Forum Romanum of Julius Caesar and built the Forum of Augustus • Built the Alter of Augustan Peace on his wife Livia’s birthday in 9 BCE • Showed scenes that told viewers he could trace his family back to the very beginning of Rome

  17. The Arts Part III • Wall painting developed • Moved from painting on plaster to imitate masonry to representing scenes • Mosaics began as monochromatic compositions, but then were made of thousands of tiny cubes of glass, usually with an intricate geometric border around a scene

  18. The Arts Part IV • Sculpture continued to favour the Greek classical style • Relief sculpture developed a distinct Roman style, especially on triumphal arches, columns, and monuments

  19. Literature • Virgil (70-19 BCE) gave Rome its founding epic – The Aeneid • Describes how the hero Aeneas escaped after the Trojan War and arrived in Italy • All members of the family of Julius Caesar are said to be descended from Aeneas • Romulus and Remus also direct descendants

  20. Literature Part II • Horace (65-8 BCE) applauded the benefits of peace, Augustan rule, and Roman supremacy • wrote the Odes • Ovid (43 BCE-19 CE) was a poet and wrote a well-crafted parody called The Art of Love • Ovid was banished from Rome for unspecified crimes (probably involving Augustus’ daughter) • Wrote the Metamorphoses

  21. Literature Part III • Tacitus and Suetonius wrote about the early emperors. • Tacitus wrote Histories and Annals from a hostile senatorial viewpoint. • Suetonius was Hadrian's one-time secretary, and he wrote Lives of the Twelve Caesars. • Pliny the Elder(23-79 CE) wrote a 37 volume Natural History. • He died trying to help people fleeing from Mt. Vesuvius' eruption. • His adopted son, Pliny the Younger, (61-112 CE) recorded his death.

  22. The Successors of Augustus • Tiberius (AD 14 - 37) was Augustus' stepson and his reign was increasingly hard. • He ended his reign on the island of Capri.

  23. The Successors of Augustus Part II • Caligula (AD 37 - 41), Augustus' grandson, took his name from the little boots he wore when in his father's army camp as a tiny infant. • Cruelty and debauchery marked his reign. • Because he didn't respect the Senate, he made his favorite horse, Incitatus, a senator. • He had many affairs with married women and his sisters. • The Praetorian Guard (his bodyguards) murdered him

  24. The Successors of Augustus Part III • Claudius (AD 41 - 54) was Augustus' nephew and had long been considered to be a complete embarrassment to his family because he had a stutter and a limp. • He was, however, a very good emperor. • Under him, Britain became a lasting part of the Roman Empire.

  25. The Successors Part IV • Claudius' nephew, Nero (AD 54 - 68) had been groomed for the throne by his mother, whom he eventually had murdered. • He became very unpopular, and many people blamed him for the great fire in Rome. • He was also known for his cruelty towards Christians. • He burned them alive and threw them to the lions. • Nero was murdered. • After Nero, there were three emperors in one year, Galba, Otho, and Vitelius..

  26. The Successors Part V • Vespasian (AD 69 - 79) was a wise ruler and was succeeded by his son, Titus (AD 79 - 81), who was known for his generosity. • Titus' brother, Domitian (AD 81 - 96) was an autocratic tyrant best known for his persecution of Christian and Jews. • His wife helped plot his assassination with his successor Nerva (AD 96 - 98).

  27. The Successors Part VI • Trajan (AD 98 - 117) was born in Spain and had spent many years as a soldier and administrator. • Trajan was responsible for making Rome more beautiful. • He also expanded the borders of the empire in every direction. • He is generally thought of as an able administrator.

  28. The Successors Part VII • Hadrian (AD 117 - 138) was Trajan's adopted son and is generally considered a truly great Roman emperor. • He too was born in Spain and had been a soldier and administrator. • He consolidated Roman rule through his travels around the Empire. • He is probably best known for building Hadrian's Wall in northern England to prevent the Picts from invading England. • Hadrian was also responsible for rebuilding the Pantheon.

  29. Hadrian’s Masterpiece: The Pantheon

  30. Hadrian’s Masterpiece: The Pantheon • The Pantheon is a circular temple, built in 25 - 33 BC by Agrippa, and totally rebuilt in about AD 126 - 128. • It is one of the most architecturally influential buildings in the western world. • Its impressive dome was the inspiration for the Capitol building in Washington, DC.

  31. The Pantheon Part II • A person passes though huge antique bronze doors to enter into a space 43.2 m wide and tall. • The ceiling has sunken panels. • A circular opening 8.3 m across illuminates the Pantheon. • The Pantheon has survived because it was converted into a church in the seventh century.

  32. Buildings and Public Works in the Empire • To be classified as a civilization, the majority of the society must speak the same language, be subject to the same laws and principles of government, and worship the same gods. • Also, a society should be centred in a city or urban development

  33. Thermae (Baths) • During Roman times, bathing was a social activity. • Large public bathhouses were built for relaxation by the rich and the poor.

  34. Thermae Part II • Bathhouses were generally divided into men's and women's sections. • For a small fee, a patron could enter a change room and strip naked. • After that, the person could enter the frigidarium to take a cold plunge. • Then the person would proceed to the tepidarium before entering the caldarium (hot room). • A patron could also go the laconicum (sweat room) or the palestra(exercise room). • Some baths also had shops. • Patrons could also mingle with the opposite sex in the piscina(swimming pool) or exercise in the gymnasium. • The baths were heated from below by a fire called a hypocaust

  35. Aqueducts and Water Supply

  36. Aqueducts and Water Supply • The Romans were the greatest inventors of technology until the Industrial Revolution. • Aqueducts provided clean water to Roman settlements all over the Roman Empire from Rome to Britain. • A water source was located on a hillside where the flow was fairly constant and its height was such that the water could be fed some distance by gravity alone.

  37. Aqueducts Part II • First, a source was normally pooled into a settling tank, where the flow of water could be regulated at the intake. • Second, a channel lined with water proof mortar and covered to prevent contamination or a sudden increase due to a rain storm was directed from the source to the outlet around the contours of a hill. • Romans had running water in their homes.

  38. Theatres • The first stone theatre in Rome was built in 55 BCE by Pompey the Great • A typical theatre was semicircular with an orchestra in the front and a backdrop. • Behind the backdrop would be changing rooms and property storage.

  39. Amphitheatres • The first amphitheatre was built in 29 BCE, and it was devoted to public entertainment. • The Colosseum in Rome had 80 entrances, four seating areas, and could hold 50 000 spectators. • Gladiator fighting and convicted criminals were killed in the arena.

  40. Gladiators • Pairs of gladiators fought each other for public amusement. • There were formal rules for this fight to the death. • The crowd of spectators decided if the gladiators lived or died.

  41. Circus • A circus was a long race-track with starting gates at one end, a central wall around which chariots raced, and turning-posts at either end of the wall. • Chariot racing was popular because people of either sex could sit together. • Chariot racers were divided into four teams - Greens, Whites, Blues, and Reds. • Charioteers also had to perform tricks while racing.

  42. Circus Part II • The Circus Maximus at Rome was 6 by 2 football fields and could hold 200 000 spectators.

  43. The Private House: Pompeii and Herculaneum • The best preserved private Roman houses are in Pompeii • On 24 August 79 CE, Vesuvius erupted • Herculaneum was covered by mud, but Vesuvius was covered by volcanic ash • Pompeii was rediscovered in 1748 but excavations began in 1861

  44. The Private House Part II • Vestibulum – long, deep entrance • Atrium – a rectangular area surrounded by a sloping roof along the sides and open to the sky in the centre • Usually small rooms on the sides of the atrium – bedrooms (cubicula) • End of the atrium was a reception area (tablinum) • Garden was open to the elements

  45. The Private House Part III • The poor and ordinary people lived in apartments called insula • Could be up to 5 storeys high • No private bathroom and very little light at night • Constant danger of fire because structure made of wood • Running water only on the first floor

  46. Beliefs • By the middle of the second century CE, the Roman Empire had reached its greatest expanse • There were many different religions and beliefs in the empire

  47. The Cult of Isis • This religion based on the worshipping of the Egyptian goddess, Isis was very popular, especially in Pompeii and Rome. • Her worship was widespread, but it was overwhelmed after the official introduction of Christianity as the official religion of the Empire.

  48. Mithraism • The worship of the Iranian deity, Mithras, was especially popular with soldiers and merchants in the fourth century. • There was a belief in personal immortality, and while many ceremonies were similar with Christianity, they did believe in ritual sacrifice

  49. Christianity • Christianity has its basis in Judaism. • Judaism's holy book - the Torah - was written under supervision of Yahweh - God. • The basic law - Ten Commandments - are believed to be have been written on two stone tablets by God and given to Moses.

  50. Christianity Part II • Around 30 CE, Jesus Christ began to teach that the prophecies of the Torah were to be fulfilled now. • Jesus' followers believed him to be the Son of God - the Messiah - and that the Kingdom of God was happening then. • Jesus performed many miracles and also forgave sins. • Jesus would forgive your sins if you accepted him as God's sole agent.

More Related