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A pathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward  ninis  in Mexico

A pathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward  ninis  in Mexico. DEVELOPMENT PATHS: VALUES, ETHICS AND MORALITY THE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2010. Juancho Barrón Pastor November 5th, 2010. Contents.

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A pathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward  ninis  in Mexico

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  1. Apathetic youngsters and potential criminals: systemic, symbolic and situational violence toward ninis in Mexico DEVELOPMENT PATHS: VALUES, ETHICS AND MORALITY THE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2010 JuanchoBarrón Pastor November 5th, 2010

  2. Contents • Context: Ninis and the so-called war on narcotics in Mexico • The Anti-Oedipus argument • Systemic, symbolic and situational violence • Concepts working in examples • Conclusion

  3. Ninis in Mexico • 106 million people live in Mexico • 34.7 million are young people between 14 and 29 years old (INEGI, 2005) • Of them, 42.9% are in conditions of poverty (Coneval, 2008) • and 7.5 millions do not have a job and are not studying (Narro, 2010)

  4. Violence

  5. Systemic violence towards young people in Mexico • Access rate to higher education in Mexico is 28% but with huge inequalities: • Access rate of Mexico City to Higher education is 42% • Access rate in rural areas is 13% • Access rate for indigenous people is only 3% (INEE, 2007) • 91% of the aspirants seeking a place to study in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) were rejected this year (La Jornada 8/April/2010)

  6. Photo: María Luisa Severiano La Jornada

  7. Systemic violence: the construction of normality • Mexico displays unemployment rates usually between 4 and 5% of the economically active population (INEGI, 2009). • However, this apparent low rate is disguised behind 15 million people sub-employed (CEPAL, 2010), representing at least 60% of economically active population (OECD, 2009).

  8. Systemic violence: the construction of normality • The economic crisis of 2009 provoked losses of around a million formal jobs (INEGI, 2009) • The number of people that will be 18 years-old this year is more than 1.5 million (CONAPO, 2010) • The expectation of the Mexican government for this year is to create 250,000 formal jobs (El Financiero, 2010) • This would mean that only 15 of every 100 people entering the economically active population this year will find a formal job (CEESP, 2010).

  9. Photo: Guillermo Sologuren La Jornada

  10. Symbolic violence: the construction of dangerousness • Nini’s] despise for authority is fed by the lack of horizons. Parents despaired by impotence see how their sons leave, without having convincing reasons to persuade them. They [the ninis] are a very fluid and tireless source of evil legionaries; exactly, as fluid and tireless as the Vietcong. Accordingly with surveys of serious firms (sic), these youngsters are in hopelessness. Even more, they find natural and [they are] logically ready to attend the calls from narcos inviting [the ninis] to join them [the narcos]. [This may happen] basically due to the adventurer tendency of that age, and because of the [access to] easy money. Both tendencies are in the mood of a futureless youth (Carrillo Olea, 2010, my translation).

  11. Photo: Lorenzo Encinas, MilenioSemanal678, 2010

  12. Situational violence: the end of parties • Around 20,000 people of the people executed in the last three years could be less than 29 years-old (MilenioSemanal 678, 2010) • In Ciudad Juárez, 1,200 people under 18 years-old were killed this year (Centro de DerechosHumanos Fray Francisco Vitoria, 2010) • 10,000 the number of orphans living in this city (Asociación de Maquiladoras, 2010) • In Monterrey, 519 people have been killed this year and presumably most of them were young people between 14 and 29 years-old (MilenioSemanal 678, 2010)

  13. Situational violence: the end of parties • Two parties ended in a massacre conducted by commandos this year in Ciudad Juárez: • On January 31st, 16 young people were assassinated while they were in a school-party at the house of one of them. • On October 23rd, 14 people were killed when having a birthday party. The preliminary reports say that at least four of the lethal victims were under 18 years old and two children of 7 and 11 years-old are in the hospital at the moment of writing these lines. At least four women were killed in this slaughter, one pregnant and one leaving 6 orphans (La Jornada, 24-Oct-2010) • On October 29th, the federal police open fire towards a pacific demonstration asking for the end of the juvenicide. One student is in the hospital.

  14. Video: Radiza. Mx http://www.radiza.mx/php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6480:vea-el-video-de-la-11a-kaminata-donde-pfp-balea-estudiantes&catid=41:estatal&Itemid=71http://www.radiza.mx/php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6480:vea-el-video-de-la-11a-kaminata-donde-pfp-balea-estudiantes&catid=41:estatal&Itemid=71

  15. The Anti-Oedipus argument • Maybe many adults have the sensation of powerlessness and hopelessness attached to ninis. • Instead of recognising that the current circumstances put young people in very vulnerable conditions and in highly risky situations • Young people are accused of been potential criminals. • Is this a projection of the adult world? • Or is it a projection about how profoundly the narco “is deeply rooted in society as corruption also is” as asserted one the major Narco-capos Ismael “Mayo” Zambada (Scherer, 2010)?

  16. Conclusions • Representing young people as ninis reinforces the stereotype of young people as potential criminals, by these means they are violently treated in three dimensions: • 1) in systemic forms through the construction social exclusion and open competition for access to education and formal jobs as a normal state of violence • 2) in symbolic ways through stigmatisation and stereotyping as potential criminals disseminated through discourses • 3) through situational means that increase people’s vulnerability now exacerbated by bloodbaths in certain parts of the country.

  17. References Asociación de Maquiladoras (2010) “Exigen ONG frenar el genocidio de jóvenes y niños en Ciudad Juárez” Note by MatildePérez, Mexican newspaper La Jornada, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/26/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10) Barrón Pastor, J. (2010) Theorising intercultural relations: A reflection on cultural identities, violence and emotional affects in Mexico, Doctoral Thesis, School of International Development, University of East Anglia Bourdieu P. (1991) Language and symbolic power, Harvard: Harvard University Press Bourdieu, P. & Wacquant, L. (1992) An invitation to reflexive sociology, Chicago: Polity Buscaglia, E. (2010) La estructura del narco intocada, interview with Ricardo Ravelo Revista Proceso 14 de julio available at http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/81378 (accessed on 20/09/10) Carrillo Olea, J. (2010) “Lo que no quieren que se sepa”, published in theMexicannewspaper La Jornada, 01-04-2010, available at http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/04/01/index.php?section=opinion&article=015a2pol (accessedon 20/09/10 CEESP (2010) “La recuperación y creación de empleo en México tras la crisis financier internacional” 15/07/2010, Centro de Estudioseconómicos del sector privado available at: http://ceesp.org.mx/noticia/la-recuperaci%C3%B3n-y-creaci%C3%B3n-de-empleo-en-m%C3%A9xico-tras-la-crisis-financiera-internacional (accessed on 20/09/10) Centro de DerechosHumanos Fray Francisco Vitoria (2010) “Exigen ONG frenar el genocidio de jóvenes y niños en Ciudad Juárez” Note by MatildePérez, Mexican newspaper La Jornada, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/26/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10) CEPAL (2010) “CEPAL: en subempleo 15 millones en México” Conferencia de prensadicatadapor Jorge Mattar, reporte en El Universal, available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/finanzas/76815.html (accessed 20/09/10)

  18. CISEN (2010) Suman 28,000 muertosporluchaanticrimen, the report was not available in the website in September 2010, however there are many newspaper notes referring to the report made public in August 3rd, 2010, e.g. available at http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2010/08/03/son-poco-mas-de-28-mil-los-asesinatos-por-combate-al-crimen-cisen (accessed on 20/09/10) CONAPO (2010) La situación actual de los jóvenes en México, document técnico, ConsejoNacional de Población, available at: http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/juventud/Doc_completo.pdf (accessed 26/10/10) CONEVAL, (2008) Informe de pobreza multidimensional en México 2008, ConsejoNacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social, available at: http://medusa.coneval.gob.mx/cmsconeval/rw/pages/medicion/Informe_de_pobreza_multidimensional_en_Mexico_2008.es.do (accessed 20/09/10) Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1972) Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and schizophrenia, translated by Hurley, Seem and Lane (1984), London:Athlone El Financiero (2010) “ConfíaCalderónque se generen 250,000 empleos en primer trimestre” available at: http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/ElFinanciero/Portal/cfpages/contentmgr.cfm?docId=253970&docTipo=1&orderby=docid&sortby=ASC (accessed on 20/09/10) El Universal (4-Dec-2009) “Entérate ¿Qué es un ni-ni?” available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/644085.html (accessedon 26/10/10) Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its discontents, translated by Mc Lintock D. (2004), London: Penguin INEE (2007) InstitutoNacional de InvestiaciónEducativa, http://www.inee.edu.mx/index.php/publicaciones/resultados-de-investigacion/reportes-de-investigacion (accessed on 20/09/10) INEGI (2005) “II Conteo de población y vivienda 2005”, available at http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/ccpv/cpv2005/Default.aspx (accessed 20/09/10) INEGI (2009) “Personal ocupado total de lasunidadeseconómicas...” available at: http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/default.aspx?s=est&c=17179&pred=1 (accessed 20/09/10) La Jornada (24-Oct-2010) “Nueva masacre en una fiesta en Juárez; 14 muertos y 20 heridos”, Note by René Villalpando and Miroslava Breach, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/10/24/index.php?section=politica&article=005n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10) La Jornada (9-Feb-2010) “OfreceGómez Mont disculpasporpalabrasequivocadas de Calderón”, Note by Rubén Villalpando, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/02/09/index.php?section=politica&article=003n1pol (accessed on 26/10/10) La Jornada (08/04/2010) “Rechazados, 91 porciento de los aspirantes a ingresar a la UNAM”, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/04/08/index.php?section=sociedad&article=038n1soc (accessed on 20/09/10)

  19. Milenio Semanal 678 (2010) “Los nuevos sicarios: vive rápido y muere joven…” Note by Lorenzo Encinas, available at: http://www.msemanal.com/node/3158 (accessedon 26/10/10) Montemayor, C. (2010) La violencia de Estado en México Antes y después de 1968, México: Debate Muñoz Ledo, P. (2010) “El narco es ya un poder político y un desafío abierto” Interview by Gerardo Albarrán de Alba, Revista Proceso 1773, available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/hemeroteca/detalleHemeroteca/152528 (accessedon 26/10/10) Nadal, A. (14-Oct-2009) “Política fiscal anticrisis: la gran mentira”, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/10/14/index.php?section=opinion&article=029a1eco (accessed on 20/09/10) Narro, J. (2010) “Refuta José Narro a la Secretaría de Gobernación y Secretaría de Educación Publica: ‘Hay 7.5 millones de ninis”, available at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/08/24/index.php?section=politica&article=002n1pol (accessed on 20/09/10) OECD (2009) Employment outlook 2010: Mexico available at http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_33873108_33873610_45604036_1_1_1_1,00.html (accesed on 20/09/10) OMNIA, (2010) “Jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años 70% de los ejecutados”, available at: http://www.omnia.com.mx/noticias/jovenes-de-entre-15-y-24-anos-el-70-de-ejecutados-en-el-estado/ (accessed on 20/09/10) Pickering, M. (2001) Stereotyping: The politics of representation, New York: Palgrave Ravelo R. (2010) Los Cárteles imponen su ley, Revista Proceso 1773 24 de abril, available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/hemeroteca/detalleHemeroteca/152527 (accessedon 26/10/10) Rodríguez Castañeda, (Coord) (2010) El México Narco, México: Planeta Rycrofft, C. (1985) “Psychoanalysis and beyond”, London: Chatto and Windus Scherer, J. (2010) “En la guarida del mayo Zambada”, Revista Proceso 1744, 14 de Abril, available at: http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/78278 (accessed on 20/09/10) Schmelkes, S. (2007) Universidadesinnovadoras: nuevademanda, Foro (2) Julio Sefchovich, S. (2008) País de mentiras, Mexico: Grijalbo Sen, A. (1999a) Development as Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press Sen, A. (1999b) Reason before Identity, Oxford: Oxford University Press Sen, A. (2006) Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny, New York: Norton Stiglitz J. (19-Nov-2009) “El manejo de la crisis en México de los peores del Mundo: Stiglitz”, La Jornada, available at http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/11/19/index.php?section=economia&article=024n1eco (accessed on 20/09/10) Zimbardo, P. (2007) The Lucifer effect: understanding how good people turn evil, London: Random House Žižek, S. (2008) Onviolence, London: Verso

  20. Thank You Juancho_barron@gmail.com

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