OUTLINE

1. A METHOD OF CATFISH AQUACULTURE (NIGERIA)BYGRACE TOKULAFEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, MAKURDI, NIGERIAPRESENTED AT THE FAO REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON RICE AND AQUACULTURE FOR PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN WEST AFRICA.OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO23-27 MARCH 2009

2. OUTLINE • EXPERIENCES FOR THE PROMOTION OF SEMI INDUSTRIAL AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA (SUCCESS AND ERRORS) • INTRODUCTION AND EXPERIENCES OF THE PPROMOTION OF THE CATFISH TANK CULTURE • EVALUATIONS FOR THE SYSTEM OF THE CATFISH TANK CULTURE • RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE CAT FISH TANK CULTURE IN AFRICA

3. 1. INTRODUCTION - OVERVIEW • The Nigerian Fisheries sub-sector is estimated to have a total value of some N143.33 billion ($US 1.1 billion), contributing about 4% to the National Gross Domestic Product. • The annual demand for fish in Nigeria is about 2.66 million metric tons, while local production is about 600,000 metric tons. This leaves a shortfall of about 2.060 million metric tons; • Nigeria imported about 1.012 million metric tons of fish in 2008 at a total cost of US$987 million (N125 billion) to meet the shortfall. Regrettably, this makes Nigeria the biggest importer of fish in Africa; • Nigeria exports shrimps and fish products worth about US$75 million annually to the international market; • The total potential for local fish production is 5 million metric tons; If the Fisheries Potential in Nigeria is fully utilized, the Sub-sector would contribute N1.75 Trillion to the National GDP. • The fisheries sub-sector provides livelihoods for about 20 million Nigerians (socio-economic benefit).

4. NIGERIA’S FISH RESOURCE POTENTIALS

5. NIGERIA: FISHERIES DATA (2008) TOTAL FISH DEMAND - 2.66 ml tons DOMESTIC PRODUCTION - 700.379 tons SUPPLY DEFICIT- 1.956 ml tons QTY IMPORTED - 1.012 mI tons VALUE OF IMPORTS - US$984.8ml N125.1bn LOCAL REVENUE GENERATED - N88.58ml FOREX EARNED - N74.5ml ESTIMATED EMPLOYMENT – Primary Sector - 8.5 ml - Secondary Sector - 18.0 ml

6. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION IN FISH CULTURE PRODUCTION ENTERPRISE • 1) LAND • 2) RECEPTACLE Pond Tank * (i) Concrete * (ii) Plastic -Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) -Domestic Tank (GP) * (iii) Wood • 3) WATER Source Quality Management Supply System and Level Drainage System • 4) FISH Handling-Sourcing, Selection, Transportation, Stocking, Sampling, Harvesting, and Grading Nutrition-Protein Requirement, Energy Requirement, Feeding Habits, Natural & Artificial Feed Health –Diseases, Predation, Cannibalism and Poaching Marketing –Processing, Packaging, and Preservation • 5) FEED 6) CULTURE SYSTEM Source Extensive Type and Cost Semi-intesive Formulation and Application Intensive Feed Conversion Ratio Super Intensive • 7) LABOUR Personnel Management • 8) CAPITAL Source Financial Analysis and Projections 6) CULTURE SYSTEM Extensive Semi-intensive Intensive Super Intensive

7. 2) RECEPTACLEWater Holding Facility or Water containment • Pond • Tank * (i) Concrete * (ii) Plastic -Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) -Plastic Fish Tanks -Domestic Tank (GP) * (iii) Wood

8. Plastic -Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP)

12. Plastic Fish Tanks

15. Domestic Plastic Tank (GP)

16. TANKS - CONCRETE PONDS TANK(SUBMERGED) TANK(SURFACE)

22. Wood

25. MANAGEMENT OF WATER IN FISH PONDS Water is perhaps the most fundamental aspect of fish farming Without suitable water supply the farm can never be successful. Therefore, good water quality is a must to grow fish. WHY GOOD WATER QUALITY? It is the home of fish. It provides Oxygen (O2) and food for the fish. It is a medium for waste discharge such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), nitrogenous wastes and also excreta. It is a medium for reproduction WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF WATER? Rainfall: This can be collected in season and stored for future use. Springs, Rivers & Streams:This can be filtered and diverted and stored in reservoirs. Dug wells or boreholes: This tested and analyzed to constituent are safe for fish. Tap water This cannot be used directly because of the chlorine inside the water. The chlorine must be removed by storing it in a container or tank and expose to the atmosphere (i.e. air ) for at least 48 hours. The source of the water must be jealously guarded to ensure good quality.

26. WATER • SOURCES • BORE HOLES • DEEP WELLS • TAP WATER • SPRINGS/STREAMS • RAINFALL • WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT • REGULAR EXCHANGE (FLOW THROUGH) • PERIODIC EXCHANGE • QUALITY FEED, METHOD, RATE AND FREQUENCY • STOCKING RATE/ DENSITY • INLET AND OUT LET STRUCTURES

28. 3.SPECIES FOR AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA Oreochromis niloticus Aquaculture Focus: Clarias garipinus or Heterobranchus varieties. Tilapias, carps and Heterotis are also being farmed. Clarias garipinus Heterobranchus sp. Cyprinus carpio (mirror var). Heterotis sp.

30. 4. FISH FEED IN NIGERIA • IMPORTED • COPPENS • DIZENGOF • MULTIFEED • BORIS • DOMESTIC • INDUSTRIAL;- DURANTE, CHI,VITA FEED • COTTEGE FEED PRODUCERS (UNBRANDED) • ON FARM FISH FEED PRODUCER

31. FISH FEED

32. 5.PREVAILING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Stagnant system: • Earthen • No water exchange • No aeration • Low yielding • Low investment. Flow-through concrete system • Mostly concrete • With continuous water exchange • No aeration • High investment (concrete). Re-circulation system: • Concrete • Low water requirement, continuous circulation • No aeration • Highest investment

33. Catfish Farms in Abia, Lagos & Kaduna According to AIFP/FAO Catfish Inventory study (Dec 2004) Total # of Catfish farms in Nigeria:2,658; Ave size: ~1 ha Abia • 21 farms • 33% are less then 1 Ha • 33% are 1-2 Ha • 33% are bigger then 2 Ha. Lagos • 153 farms • 73% are less then 0.1 Ha • 14% are 0.1-0.5 Ha • 13% are bigger then 0.5 Ha. Kaduna • 10 farms • Size ranging between 1-15 Ha.

34. Status of Catfish Farms visited • # of farms: 21 farms visited in the 3 States • Size of ponds: 60% have 1-10 ponds, 30% of farms have 15-20 ponds • Type of ponds: 75% concrete ponds, the rest earthen ponds • Total Farm Volume: Concrete ponds < 500 cum; earthen ponds 500-2500 cum • Water source availability: Mostly bore holes, 1-5 cum/hour

35. Flow –through system - 20 concrete ponds of 12 m3 each Flow rate: 12 m3/h from bore hole. Note: Amount concrete and water

36. recycling system - 12 concrete ponds of 36m3 each - Flow rate: 3-10m3/h (recycle) . - Home made feed - Note: Size of bio-filter Most of the ponds were empty

37. Most recurrent complaints • Low availability of and quality of seed fry • Mortality during fry transfer • Water quality problems in pond • Level of operating personnel • Growth retardation, inconsistent and discontinuous • Lack of reliable extension service • Price of feed, up to 360 N/kg (2800 Vs 300 US$/ton) !!! • Selling price, down to 320 N/kg • No coherent Production Plan and accountability • Marketing problems • Lack of funding for project initiation • Lack of funding for R&D • No access to relevant information

38. RECOMMENDATION Best Practice Value Chain Production Brood Stock Crop and strain selection Sanitation, Standardization, Continuous Operation, Water Quality, Back-up Electrical Supply, Tank Facilities Easily Operational and Easily Sanitized, Mechanical-Biological Filtration, Feed Storage, Hatchery Equipment, Cycle Reports Brood Stock Maintenance, Continuous Supply Hatchery Sanitation, Water Quality, Feeding, Size Grading, Protection, Criteria for Production Potential, Pond Summary Report Primary Nursery Special Transport Boxes, Water quality, Temperature, Density/Hours Transport Fry/Fingerling Packing Fry/Fingerling Transportation Tanks, Water Quality, Oxygen, Temperature, Density According to Distance Fry/Fingerling Stocking Re-acclimation, Inspection, Sample Stocking, Stocking Water Quality, pH, NH3, DO, Feeding, Protection, Grading, Harvesting, Pond Summary Report Nursery Juvenile Transfer and Stocking Water Quality, Oxygen, Density, Timing

39. Best Practice Value Chain Production Determine Production Capacity, Production Plan, Continuous Stock&Split&Harvest, Ammonia & Sludge Removal System, Water Quality, Periodic Ammonia, pH, Nitrite, DO, Secchi, Sampling, Pond Summary Report Production Ponds Flow-through Re-circ Stagnant Grading, Total Amount Harvested, Average Weight of Sample Selective Harvesting Final Harvest Total Amount Harvested, Average Weight of Sample, Pond Summary Report Post-harvest Pond Purging, Washing, Shilling, Packing Post-harvest Product Drying, Treating, Refilling

40. Hatchery and Primary Nursery: • Evaluate existing hatcheries • Select a Hatchery for practical course: Operators & Extension Officers • Conduct a Course run by Foreign Expert /Technology transfer • Develop standardization / Best Practice for Hatchery operations • Address the issue of quality of fry at sale. • Standardization / Best Practice Transportation of fry • Brood stock optimization and standardization

41. Production • Evaluate existing farms • Determine actual Production Capacities of existing farms • Develop Technical-Financial Production Models for SME scale • Ways and means to increase from Micro/Small to Medium • Identify 2-3 farms and or Research Stations for: a. Demonstration to owner b. Practical course for Extension officers c. Practical course for growers with Extension officers as instructor assistants d. Accreditation

42. Feed • Definition of nutritional requirements • Prepare Best Practice / Standardization feed and feeding • Prepare Best Practice / Standardization for transparent feed evaluation program • Identify 2-3 farms and or Research Stations in which to perform feed performance and comparison trial • Practical Feed Course during the experimental period for Extension officers • Accreditation