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TOPIC 5: ECOLOGY and EVOLUTION

TOPIC 5: ECOLOGY and EVOLUTION. 5.1.1. Species: a group of organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Habitat: the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism. Population: a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area.

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TOPIC 5: ECOLOGY and EVOLUTION

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  1. TOPIC 5: ECOLOGY and EVOLUTION

  2. 5.1.1 • Species: a group of organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

  3. Habitat: the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism

  4. Population: a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area

  5. Community: a group of populations living and interacting with each other

  6. 5.1: Communities and ecosystems • Ecology: the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment

  7. Ecosystem: a community and its abiotic (non-living; temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall etc.) environment

  8. 5.1.2: Autotroph/heterotroph Autotroph: an organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances Heterotroph: an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms

  9. 5.1.3: Consumers, detritivores, saprotrophs

  10. Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Detritivore: an organism that ingests non-living organic matter. Saprotrophs: an organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion, examples; bacteria and fungi

  11. M09/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX Define the terms species, population and community. Species: Population:. Community: [3] N08/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+ Define the term ecosystem. [1]

  12. 5.1.4: Food Chain

  13. Describe what is meant by a food chain using an example with four named organisms. [4] M11/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

  14. 5.1.5: Food web

  15. Describe what is meant by a food chain and a food web. [6] N10/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

  16. M07/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX The diagram below shows a simplified food web for a lake. State the initial energy source for the above food web. [1] Define the term trophic level. [1] Deduce the trophic level of the immature game fish.[1] In the food web shown, identify one heterotroph and one autotroph. heterotroph:

  17. 5.1.6: Trophic level

  18. Explain, using an example of a food chain, how trophic levels can be deduced. [4] M11/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

  19. 5.1.9: Light energy • State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities.

  20. 5.1.10: Energy Flow

  21. 5.1.11: Energy transformations

  22. 5.1.12: Pyramid of Energy

  23. STATE: Energy transformations are never 100% efficient

  24. N06/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX The diagram below represents an energy pyramid and four trophic levels. Identify the trophic level of the organisms indicated below. I: IV [2] (ii) Calculate the approximate amount of energy in kilojoules transferred in m–2 yr–1 from trophic level I to trophic level II. ______________________kJ

  25. M08/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+ Explain the reason for the shape of a pyramid of energy. [3]

  26. 5.1.13: Energy and nutrients

  27. 5.1.14: Decomposers STATE: Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients

  28. N08/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX+ Outline the role of decomposers in recycling nutrients. [2]

  29. State the names of the processes that (i) convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds in pond weeds and algae.[1] convert organic compounds in pond weeds, algae and primary consumers into carbon dioxide. [1] Draw arrows on the diagram above to show how the saprotrophs obtain carbon. (ii) Explain the role of saprotrophs in recycling carbon.[1] [2] (c) Draw a box on the diagram in an appropriate position, labelled organic compounds in secondary consumers. Draw arrows to show the links between secondary consumers and other parts of the carbon cycle.

  30. 5.2: The Greenhouse Effect

  31. 5.2.1: Carbon cycle

  32. M06/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Draw a labelled diagram showing stages of the carbon cycle. [5]

  33. 5.2.2: CO2 concentration

  34. 5.2.3:Greenhouse gases

  35. Explain the relationship between rises in concentration of atmospheric gases and the enhanced greenhouse effect. [8] N10/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

  36. 5.2.4: Precautionary Principle

  37. M09/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX +Outline the precautionary principle. [2]

  38. 5.2.6: Artic ecosystem

  39. Outline how global warming may affect arctic ecosystems. [5] M11/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

  40. M09/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+ Below is a graph of atmospheric CO2 levels measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawai’i. Explain the observed changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1960 to 2005. [3]

  41. 5.3: Populations

  42. 5.3.1: Factors affect pop size birth rate immigration rates death rates emigration rates

  43. 5.3.2: Sigmoid Growth Curve Plateau phase Transitional phase Exponential phase

  44. exponential phase • population doubles per unit time producing exponential/geometric growth • no limiting factors: nutrients, oxygen, space in ample supply • transitional phase • population growth continues, but at an ever-decreasing rate • limiting factors slow growth rate: nutrients, oxygen, space in ever-shorter supply • plateau phase • population growth slows to zero: population becomes stable • limiting factors inhibit growth: nutrients, oxygen, space in short supply

  45. Population growth is fastest during the exponential growth phase because (birth rate + immigration) exceeds (death rates + emigration). Population growth slows down during the transitional phase because disease, predation and competition set limits to population increase. Disease spreads faster as populations get larger and therefore reduces the number of individuals who can reproduce. Predators can hunt more successfully as the prey population increases, which in turn increases the population of predators (negative feedback). Resources become scarce when a population is large, which in turn increases competition. Population growth is zero at the plateau phase because it has reached its carrying capacity, which is the maximum population size that an environment can support. At carrying capacity, populations tend to produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment. This leads to extreme competition for resources such as food, shelter, nesting space and so on.

  46. Draw a labelled graph showing a sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve. [4] N10/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

  47. M08/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+ Draw and label a graph showing a typical population growth curve.

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