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Biology 231 – Physiological Anatomy Supplement for Lecture Exam #3 Lange

Biology 231 – Physiological Anatomy Supplement for Lecture Exam #3 Lange (As always, these slides have notes that are with this file that you will want to read as you study the slides. Please also note that for the M & W group, a few of these

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Biology 231 – Physiological Anatomy Supplement for Lecture Exam #3 Lange

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  1. Biology 231 – Physiological Anatomy Supplement for Lecture Exam #3 Lange (As always, these slides have notes that are with this file that you will want to read as you study the slides. Please also note that for the M & W group, a few of these slides will restate material covered in class.)

  2. Figure 15.31: Route of sound waves through the ear, p. 590. External ear Middle ear Internal ear Air Malleus, incus, stapes (ossicles) External acoustic meatus Fluids in cochlear canals Oval window Tympanic membrane Pinna Lower Upper and middle Pressure Time Spiral organ (of Corti) stimulated One vibration Amplitude Amplification in middle ear

  3. Figure 15.35: Structure of a macula, p. 594. Macula of saccule Macula of utricle Kinocilium Otolithic membrane Stereocilia Otoliths Hair bundle Hair cells Supporting cells Vestibular nerve fibers

  4. Figure 15.36: The effect of gravitational pull on a macula receptor cell in the utricle, p. 595. Otolithic membrane Kinocilium Ster eocilia Depolarization Hyperpolarization Receptor potential (Hairs bent towar kinocilium) d (Hairs bent away from kinocilium) Nerve impulses generated in vestibular fiber Increased impulse frequency Decreased impulse frequency Excitation Inhibition

  5. Figure 15.37: Location and sturcture of a crista ampullaris, p. 596. Flow of endolymph Crista ampullaris (a) Fibers of vestibular nerve Cupula (b) Turning motion Ampulla of right ear Ampulla of left ear Cupula Cupula at rest Position of cupula during turn Position of cupula during turn Fluid motion in ducts Horizontal ducts Increased firing Decreased firing (d) (c) Afferent fibers of vestibular nerve

  6. Arnold Adolph Berthold 1803 – 1861 Founder of Endocrinology

  7. Berthold’s Experiment in Roosters…. Castration & Reimplantation of testis Castration Castration & Transplantation of testis

  8. Berthold’s Conclusion... -A secretory, blood-borne product of the transplanted testes is responsible for the normal development of the birds in the second and third group Today, it is called TESTOSTERONE -’problem’: no one knows why Berthold did the experiment in the first place…. No clear rationale for it.

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