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Introduction to Engineering Lab 4: Data Systems & Circuit Prototyping

This lab session reviews results from Lab 3 and explores building and using electrical circuits. Topics include the effects of adding resistors and capacitors, RC time response, and circuit characteristics. Different types of electronic data systems are discussed, along with elements such as transducers, signal conditioning, data processing, control, actuators, and power sources. The lab assignment for Lab 4 procedure is outlined as well.

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Introduction to Engineering Lab 4: Data Systems & Circuit Prototyping

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  1. Introduction to EngineeringLab 4 – 1Basic Data Systems & Circuit Prototyping Agenda REVIEW OF LAB 3 RESULTS DEFINE a DATA SYSTEM MAJOR TYPES ELEMENTS BUILD and USE TWO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

  2. LAB 3 REVIEW • EFFECT OF ADDING A RESISTOR IN PARALLEL WITH ORIGINAL • BRIGHTNESS OF LED • VOLTAGE ACROSS LED • EFFECT OF ADDING A CAPACITOR • CIRCUIT ‘RC’ TIME RESPONSE

  3. LAB 3 REVIEW ADDING A RESISTOR IN PARALLEL • EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE is HALVED • CURRENT is NOMINALLY DOUBLED (If V is constant), REF. OHM’S LAW V=IR • CURRENT THROUGH THE LED is NOMINALLY DOUBLED…ITS LIGHT INTENSITY INCREASES. • LIGHT INTENSITY FROM THE LED is PROPORTIONAL to CURRENT

  4. Voltage at AA: 5.22 V Case 1: One resistor only Case 2: Two resistors Voltage at AA: 5.22 V * SAME VALUE BECAUSE it is the SUPPLY VOLTAGE

  5. Voltage at BB: 1.98 V Case 1: One resistor only Voltage at BB: 2.01 V Case 2: Two resistors • What did we do by connecting another resistor in parallel? • Resistance halved • Current doubled ( V= IR) But only a … *VERY SLIGHT VARIATION of VOLTAGE across the LED (0.03 V) So the DIODE can be a REGULATOR of VOLTAGE

  6. LAB 3 REVIEW • WHEN A CAPACITOR IS ADDED TO THE CIRCUIT AND THE SWITCH LEVER IS PRESSED, THE CAPACITOR VERY QUICKLY ACQUIRES AND HOLDS AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE • WHEN THE SWITCH LEVER IS RELEASED, THE CAPACITOR HAS TO DISCHARGE (RELEASE ITS CHARGE) THROUGH THE RESISTANCE AND THE LED

  7. LAB 3 REVIEW • SINCE RESISTORS ‘RESIST’ THE FLOW OF CURRENT, THE LARGER THE RESISTANCE VALUE, THE LONGER TIME IT TAKES FOR THE LED TO TURN OFF • THE CIRCUIT TIME RESPONSE IS ACTUALLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE (RC) AND THAT PRODUCT IS THE ‘RC TIME CONSTANT’ FOR THE CIRCUIT

  8. LAB 3 REVIEW • ANY GENERAL DIODE HAS AN ASSOCIATED FORWARD VOLTAGE ABOVE WHICH IT CONDUCTS CURRENT AND BELOW WHICH IT CONDUCTS VERY LITTLE CURRENT • FOR THE LED WE USED, THE THRESHOLD OF THE FORWARD VOLTAGE WAS ABOUT 1.7 VOLTS

  9. LAB 3 REVIEW • THE TIME FOR THE LED TO TURN OFF (VOLTAGE DECREASE TO 1.7 VOLTS) WOULD NOMINALLY BE TWICE AS LONG IF THE RESISTANCE INVOLVED IS DOUBLED • TIMES WITH ONE RESISTOR SHOULD BE NOMINALLY DOUBLE THE TIMES WHEN TWO RESISTORS ARE IN PARALLEL

  10. TYPES OF ELECTRONIC DATA SYSTEMS • DIGITAL • OPERATION EXHIBITS A FINITE NUMBER OF DISCRETE CONDITIONS OR SAMPLES (e.g., ON/OFF) AND IS RELATIVELY INSENSITIVE TO NOISE • ANALOG • OPERATION EXHIBITS AN INFINITE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND IS RELATIVELY SENSITIVE TO NOISE • HYBRID • MIXED DIGITAL/ANALOG

  11. ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRONIC DATA SYSTEM • TRANSDUCERS (SENSORS) • SIGNAL CONDITIONING • DATA PROCESSING and CONTROL • ACTUATORS • DATA DISPLAY AND/OR RECORDING • ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCE • CONNECTION OF ELEMENTS

  12. BASIC DATA SYSTEM SCHEMATIC SIGNAL CONDITION-ING DATA PROCESSING and CONTROL SENSORS DISPLAYING FROM PROCESS RECORDING ACTUATORS TO PROCESS ELECTRICAL POWER

  13. TRANSDUCERS (SENSORS) are used to TRANSLATE a MEASURABLE PROPERTY into a USEABLE (usually electrical) FORM A few MEASURABLE PROPERTIES are: MOMENT ACCELERATION FREQUENCY SIZE TRANSDUCERS • PRESSURE • TEMPERATURE • STRAIN • FORCE

  14. TRANSDUCERS Strain Gages Thermocouples and Temperature Probes Photos from Omega, Inc website

  15. TRANSDUCERS Pressure Transducers Photos from Omega, Inc website

  16. SIGNAL CONDITIONING • PROVIDES VERY STABLE POWER SOURCE • AMPLIFIES THE SIGNAL (makes it ‘stronger’ and more useable) • FILTERS THE SIGNAL (‘cleans it up’) • EXHIBITS LOW OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (good for noise insensitivity)

  17. DATA PROCESSING and CONTROL • ROUTING or MANIPULATION of DATA SIGNAL OCCURRING AFTER SIGNAL CONDITIONING • COMMONLY INCLUDES CONVERSION to a DIGITAL SYSTEM (for processing by computer) • CONTROL SECTION (actuator control) • DISPLAY and/or RECORDING of the DATA are GENERALLY the FINAL PROCESSES

  18. ACTUATORS AN ACTUATOR is a DEVICE which PERFORMS an ACTION to INFLUENCE a PROCESS

  19. ACTUATORS SOLENOID VALVE PICTURE FROM SNAP-TITE, INC. WEBSITE DPDT Relay Solenoid Valve RELAY PICTURE FROM RADIO SHACK WEBSITE

  20. ACTUATORS DC Gear Motor Permanent Magnet DC Motor Photos from Peerless-Winsmith, Inc website

  21. DISPLAY and RECORDING • STRIP CHARTS • COUNTERS • DIGITAL MULTIMETERS • OSCILLOSCOPES • COMPUTERS Ca

  22. DISPLAY and RECORDING Counter Strip-chart recorder

  23. DISPLAY and RECORDING Oscilloscope Digital Multimeter

  24. DISPLAY and RECORDING Picture from RadioShack Web site Computer system

  25. ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCES • CHEMICAL • BATTERIES • FUEL CELLS • ELECTRICAL • AC TO DC POWER SUPPLIES • DC TO DC POWER SUPPLIES • MECHANICAL • GENERATORS • ALTERNATORS • SOLAR • PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL (PV) SYSTEMS

  26. CONNECTION OF ELEMENTS PERMANENT or TEMPORARY • HARD WIRE (copper or optical) • LIGHT BEAMS • ULTRASOUND • RADIO FREQUENCY (RF)

  27. Assignment • Read Lab 4 procedure carefully

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