1 / 38

Developmental Theories Growth and Development

Developmental Theories Growth and Development. NRS 101. Why study theory?. Provides a framework Offers logic for observations and explanations How and why people act Important for nurses to combine theory, practice, and research Nurses assess responses to illness and treatments. Theory.

keaton-morin
Download Presentation

Developmental Theories Growth and Development

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Developmental TheoriesGrowth and Development NRS 101

  2. Why study theory? • Provides a framework • Offers logic for observations and explanations • How and why people act • Important for nurses to combine theory, practice, and research • Nurses assess responses to illness and treatments

  3. Theory • Organized and logical set of statements about a subject, frameworks to clarify, to make sense of. • Human Development Theory: Models intended to account for how and why people become who they are, tries to explain and predict human behavior.

  4. Growth and Development • Growth: Quantitative changed, measured and compared to norms • Height, weight compared to normal growth charts • Development: Qualitative, progressive, continuous process of change leading to a functional capacity • Child crawls, rolls over, walks

  5. Four Areas of Developmental Theories • Biophysical-How do we grow, change, age • Psychosocial-Personality & behavior • Cognitive-Thinking, intellect • Moral-Knowing right from wrong, ethics

  6. Biophysical Developmental Theories • Gesell’s Theory: Grow according to our own genetic blueprint and pace, growth is directed by gene activity, environmental factors can modify pattern of development • Genetic Theory of Aging: DNA function of cell lifespan, programmed cell death, accounts for longevity in families

  7. Biophysical Developmental Theories • Nongenetic Cellular Theories: Looks at cell rather than DNA, “wear and tear” theory, our bodies just wear out. Free Radical Theory • Physiological Theories of Aging: 1) Breakdown of performance of a single organ 2.) Impairment of physiological control mechanisms

  8. Erik Erikson • Student of Anna Freud • Evolutionary process: Biological, psychological, and social events contribute to readiness for each task/stage • Added 3 adult stages to Sigmund’s model

  9. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development • Trust vs. Mistrust • Autonomy vs. Shame • Initiative vs. Guilt • Industry vs. Inferiority • Identity vs. Role Confusion • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Generativity vs. Stagnation • Integrity vs. Despair

  10. Jean PiagetCognitive Development Theory • How we think, learn to reason, exercise judgment, have intellectual organization • Observed children • Defined 4 periods that children move through: • Sensorimotor (Birth-2 yrs) • Preoperational (2-7 yrs.) • Concrete (7-11 yrs) • Formal (11 yrs-adult)

  11. Jean PiagetMoral Development • Stages of moral development influenced by environment • Observed boys, ages 5-13 yrs.

  12. Moral Development Theories • How we acquire moral values, are guided by morals, how we treat others based on morals • Jean Piaget-Environmental influences • Lawrence Kohlberg-Cognitive and moral linked, expanded Piaget’s work, defined 3 levels with 6 stages of moral development

  13. Lawrence KohlbergMoral Development Theory • Level 1- Preconventional • Stage 1- Punish and Obey • Stage 2- Instrumental Relativist • Level 2- Conventional • Stage 3- Good boy/Nice girl • Stage 4- Society Maintenance • Level 3- Post-Conventional • Stage 5-Social Contract • Stage 6- Universal Ethics

  14. Analysis • Theories give nurses some answers on why and how people react, respond as they do • Human behavior is complex • No one theory answers all questions • All theories are multi-dimensional, not linear, they are guidelines

  15. Growth and Development • Refer to P&P pg. 173 Table 11-1 for Developmental Age periods • Conception through adolescence • Physical growth and cognitive development • Stages of development per age

  16. Intrauterine Life • 40 weeks, 9 calender months • Nagele’s Rule • 3 Trimesters (every 3 months) • Prematurity- 20-37 weeks gestation pg. 175 Table 10-1 • Tocolysis: Therapeutic interventions to stop labor before 37 weeks (IV’s, meds. Bedrest)

  17. Newborn • Neonatal period to first month of life • P&P pg. 183 Box 11-4 for injury prevention during infancy

  18. Infant • 1 Month to 1 year • Health Risks: Injury prevention, child abuse/maltreatment • Health Concerns: Nutrition, feeding, supplementation, overfeeding, dentition, sleep, immunizations

  19. Toddler • 12-36 months • Health Concerns and Risks: • need for close supervision • curiosity • poisonings • auto safety

  20. Pre-Schooler • 3-5 years • Concerns • fear of dark • fear of animals • fear of thunderstorms • fear of medical procedures

  21. School Age • 6-12 years • Cognitive changed • Concrete operations • Mature language development • Health risks: Accidents, falls, cancer, abduction, infections

  22. Adolescence • Teen years • Ages 13-20 years • Increased growth rate, sexual changes, changes in muscle and fat distribution • Risks for accidents, homicide, suicide, substance abuse, tobacco use, eating disorders, sexual experimentation, pregnancy, STD’s

  23. Young to Middle Adult • 20’s to 40’s • Physical, cognitive, psychosocial changes • Lifestyle, career, marriage, sexuality, childbearing. Infertility • Risk factors for family history of disease, personal hygiene, environmental and occupational factors, family and career stress, health screenings, exercise and nutrition

  24. Middle Adult • 40’s to 60’s • Menopause- Women- disruption of menstruation and ovulation, ovaries no longer produce sex hormones • Climacteric- Men- decrease levels of testosterone, decrease erection/ejaculation; sperm still is produced • Psychosocial Changes: career transition, sexuality, family changes • Health Concerns: Stress, family diseases, forming positive health habits, anxiety, depression

  25. Older Adult • Above 65 years • Health Concerns: Chronic disease/disability, injury, decreased senses and physical strength, retirement, family changes, assisted living, grandchildren, support of other seniors, remaining independent, sexual concerns, death/dying/loss, medications, insurance coverage, memory, aging process, nutrition, hydration, skin care

  26. Older Adult • Gerontology-Geriatrics • Myths and Stereotypes • Theories of Aging:Stochastic (random damage over time), NonStochastic (predetermined by body mechanisms) • Psychosocial Theories: Disengagement, Activity, Continuity

  27. Older Adult • Health services: Active adult communities, retirement communities, home care, adult day care, assisted living long term care, respite care, living with children or grandchildren

  28. Older AdultPhysiological Changes • Skin • Head and Neck • Thorax and Lungs • Heart and vascular system • GI • Reproductive • GU • Musculoskeletal • Neuro

  29. Older AdultCognitive Changes • Delirium • Dementia • Alzheimer’s Disease • Depression

  30. Older AdultPsychosocial Changes • Retirement • Social Isolation • Sexuality • Housing and environment • Death

  31. Older AdultHeath Risks • 90% Of adults over 65 have atleasr one health risk • Heart disease • Cancer • CVA • COPD, Smoking cessation • Nutrition, dental problems • Arthritis • Falls • Polypharmacy

  32. Older AdultPsychosocial Concerns • Therapeutic communication • Touch • Reality orientation • Validation Therapy • Reminiscence • Body Image interventions

  33. Older AdultPsychosocial Concerns • Therapeutic communication • Touch • Reality orientation • Validation Therapy • Reminiscence • Body Image interventions

  34. Older AdultAcute Care Considerations • Risk for dehydration, malnutrition • Risk for delirium • Risk for nosocomial infection • Risk for incontinence • Risk for falls • Risk for skin breakdown

More Related