Theories of Growth & Development

1. Theories of Growth & Development Journey Across the Life Span - Chapter 5

2. Definitions • Growth • h physical size • Quantitative

3. Definitions • Development • Gaining skills • Qualitative

4. Definitions • Maturation • Full development of a skill

5. Uniqueness • Personality • Behavior patterns that distinguish one person from another

6. Directional Terms Cephalocaudal Proximodistal Center (proximal) Extremities (distal) • Head (Cephalo)  • Tail (Caudal)

7. Genetics vs. Environment 2 major influences on G&D • Hereditary characteristics • Genes • Nature • Environmental • Culture • Nurture

8. G&D Assumptions • Simple  complex • Continuous • Individualized • All systems • Holistic process

9. Understanding Theories • Stages • Progressive • Regress

10. Psychoanalytical Theory • Father: • Sigmund Freud • 3 part theory • Levels of awareness • Components of the personality/mind • Psychosexual stages

11. Freud’s levels of awareness • Conscious • Sub-conscious • Unconscious

12. Level of awareness: Conscious • Immediate awareness • Reality • logic

13. Level of awareness: Subconscious • AKA: Preconscious • Stores memories, thoughts, feelings • recalled with little effort

14. Level of awareness: Unconscious • “Closed” awareness • Painful memories  • Stress

15. 3 Components of the mind • Id • Ego • Superego

16. Component of the Mind: Id • Primitive urges • Pleasure • Libido • Immediate

17. Component of the Mind: SuperEgo • Judges, controls, punishes • Right from wrong • Conscience

18. Component of the Mind: SuperEgo • Judges, controls, punishes • Right from wrong • Conscience

19. Component of the Mind: SuperEgo • Judges, controls, punishes • Right from wrong • Conscience

20. Component of the Mind: SuperEgo • Judges, controls, punishes • Right from wrong • Conscience

21. Component of the Mind: Ego • Executive • Compromise • “Well, maybe later”

22. Defense Mechanisms • AKA: Mental mechanisms • Coping Mechanisms • Protect the EGO • Adaptive • Maladaptive

23. Defense Mechanism: Suppression • Putting it out of your awareness

24. Defense Mechanism: Denial • AKA: Repression • Unable to recognize the event • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=wwGVDmEsi8A

25. Defense Mechanism: Rationalization • Justify or excuse undesirable action or feelings

26. Defense Mechanism: Identification • Take on the personality traits of another

27. Defense Mechanism: Sublimation • Redirect impulses into acceptable outlets

28. Defense Mechanism: Regression • Conflict  • return to an earlier stage

29. Defense Mechanism: Displacement • Transfer emotions from person to object

30. Defense Mechanism: Projection • “Blaming mechanism” • Rejects unacceptable thoughts or feelings and attribute them to another person

31. Defense Mechanism: Compensation • Make up for deficiencies in one area by excelling in another are

32. Defense Mechanism: Undoing • Attempt to make-up for something unacceptable

33. Defense Mechanism: Reaction formation • Overcompensation • Unacceptable feelings or thoughts are replaced with opposite feelings or thoughts

34. Defense Mechanism: Conversion • Unconscious anxiety converts into physical symptoms (no organic basis) • Guys and dolls song • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCSl7rw4ERI • 7:00

35. Defense Mechanism: Acting Out* • Extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings

36. You just found out that you have flunked out of the nursing program. • Give an example of Acting Out… • Hysterical crying and screaming and pulling out your hair.

37. Psychoanalytical Theory • Father: • Sigmund Freud • 3 part theory • Levels of awareness • Components of the personality/mind • Psychosexual stages

38. Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development • Oral • Anal • Phallic • Latency • Genital • Conflict  • Resolve  • Next stage

39. Oral Stage • Age • Birth – 18 months • Erogenous area • Mouth • Developmental task • Weaning • See self as separate from environment

40. Oral Stage • Fixation • Dependency • Aggression • Seek oral stimulation

41. Anal Stage • Age: • 18 months – 3 years • Erogenous area: • Anus • Developmental task: • Learning independence and control • Toilet training

42. Anal Stage • Fixation: • Anal-expulsive • Messy, wasteful, destructive • Anal-retentive • Stringent, orderly, rigid

43. Phallic Stage • Age • 3 – 6 years • Erogenous area • Genital organs • Developmental task • ID with parent of the same gender

44. Phallic Stage • Oedipus complex • Boys sexual attraction to mom • Electra complex • Girl attracted to dad

45. Latency stage • Age • 6-12 years • Erogenous area • Dormant • Developmental task • Peer relationships

46. Genital Stage • Age • 13-20 years • Erogenous area • Genital • Puberty • Developmental task • Relationships with opposite sex • Balance

47. Summary: Freud • Personality determined by childhood events • Psychosexual stages • Incomplete stage  • Fixation  • Adult personality

48. Psychosocial Theory • Erik Erikson • 8 stages span lifespan • Tasks have to be accomplished  • h Independence • h Self-esteem

49. Erikson’s Psychosocial TheoryTrust Vs. Mistrust • Age • Birth – 18 mo. • Infancy • Major developmental Task • Develop trust with mothering figure and generalize it to others • Major Question: • "Can I trust the people around me?“ • Basic Virtue: • Hope • Important Event: • Feeding

50. Erikson’s Psychosocial TheoryAutonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt • Age • 18 mo – 3 yrs • Early Childhood • Major developmental Task • Gain some control & independence within the environment • Major Question: • "Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?" • Basic Virtue: • Will • Important Event: • Toilet Training