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Jewel in the Crown - India

Jewel in the Crown - India. Today, what is India? (source 2007 CIA World Factbook) Socially About 1.1 billion people…second most populous country in the world 80% Hindu 15 official languages 22% live below poverty line GDP per capita (PPP) is $3,700 40% of people below the age of 15

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Jewel in the Crown - India

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  1. Jewel in the Crown - India Today, what is India? (source 2007 CIA World Factbook) Socially • About 1.1 billion people…second most populous country in the world • 80% Hindu • 15 official languages • 22% live below poverty line • GDP per capita (PPP) is $3,700 • 40% of people below the age of 15 • Literacy Rate is nearly 60% (…significant difference between sexes) • Total Fertility Rate - 2.73 • Life Expectancy – 59 years

  2. PercentagePopulation Growth (1991 – 2001) Dark areas > 30% Light areas < 10%Canada’s Population Growth Rate is 0.9% …due mostly to immigration

  3. 2001 Literacy Ratein India Dark areas > 80% Light areas < 55%Canada’s Literacy Rate is 99%

  4. Jewel in the Crown - India What is India? Physical Geography • India is the 7th largest country in the world…about 1/3 of USA. • It is geographically diverse. In the north, there are the Himalayan Mountains. In the northwest, the Thar Desert. Central and Southern India is the Deccan Plateau surrounded by the Western Ghat and Eastern Ghat mountain ranges. Plains occur along the coastline. • Climatically, it ranges from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north.

  5. Jewel in the Crown - India What is India? Human Geography • Political divisions – 28 states, six union territories and the capital region of New Delhi. States have there own elected governments, while territories are managed by an appointed administrator. • There are also disputed states such as the Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh • There are significant concentrations of people in the north and the south • India has world’s fourth-largest reserves of coal in the world

  6. Population Density of India (2001 - persons per km2)Dark areas > 1000 / km2Light areas < 100 / km2Kingston’s Population Density is 77 persons / km2

  7. Jewel in the Crown - India What is India? Economically - Poverty • 40% of the world's poor live in India, and 22% of India’s population lives below the poverty line. • More than one third of the poor live on less than a dollar a day, and 80% live on less than two dollars a day. • In absolute numbers, between 350-400 million people live below the poverty line – 75% live in rural areas.

  8. Jewel in the Crown - India • Percent of population living below the poverty line by state in India (1999-2000) • States with lighter colours have a greater percentage of people living below the poverty line. • Note: Poverty Line is the minimum level of income needed to achieve an “adequate” standard of living.

  9. Jewel in the Crown - India • It is incorrect to suggest all of India’s efforts to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living have failed. • India's economy has grown at an average annual rate of 6.8 percent since 1994. • India's recent economic growth is in the service industry. NOTE: 60% of jobs are agricultural-based. • The middle class (…virtually non-existent in 1947 when India became an independent nation) is a large part of the India economy. The middle class grows by 40 million people annually. The issues is DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH…it has been uneven.

  10. Jewel in the Crown – IndiaPoverty Rates in India since 1977

  11. Jewel in the Crown - India • The main causes of poverty are (1) illiteracy, (2) population growth rate exceeding the economic growth rate for the better part of the past 50 years, (3) protectionist economic policies pursued since 1947 to 1991 preventing foreign investment, (4) reliance on farming (…adds only 22% to India’s GDP), (5) antiquated farming methods, (6) rural-urban divide and (7) high unemployment. • In the present economic model, poverty levels should be reduced in the next 50 years. The following factors should contribute to the reductions: (1) trickle-down effect, (2) larger middle class, (3) improved education and training, (4) empowerment of women, (5) empowerment of power (e.g., reserved seats in government, government jobs).

  12. Jewel in the Crown - India History…A very fast tour • First urban settlements were established around 2,500 BCE. These settings were more sophisticated (e.g., central planning, trade) than Mesopotamia and Egypt in the same period. • Settlements occurred across much of India. • This civilization disappeared around 1,500 BCE with a prolonged dry period and the expansion of the Thar Desert.

  13. Jewel in the Crown - India History…The tour continues • A four-tier caste system was introduced during the Epic Age (between 1,000 and 600 BCE). • Religion was dominated by sacrifices and rituals. Over time, religion became Hinduism…and that became a way of life. • Buddhism evolved out of Hinduism, and then, disappeared.

  14. Jewel in the Crown - India History…The tour continues • Next, India experienced a period of Invasions. Invaders included Greeks, Persians, Christians, Muslims. • Buddhism re-emerged • Many Hindu gods also emerged such as Vishnu the Preserver. During times of evil, Vishnu appears in our reality to save humans.

  15. Jewel in the Crown - India History…The tour continues • About 320 AD, the Gupta Era arose. This is India’s First Classic Age or Golden Age. There is a great accumulation of knowledge, skill and wealth. • The Gupta’s succeeded in uniting…by force and coercion…much of the India plateau. • The Gupta reign lasted 200 years. After the breakup, there was a lengthy period of political uncertainty. Many small kingdoms arose, but the system lacked a strong central focus.

  16. Jewel in the Crown - India History…The tour continues • Around 1,000 AD, the Turks invaded and conquered much of northwest India. • The last Turk invader of this period, Muhammed of Ghur, left a former slave in charge. The slave asserted his independence and the independence of India. This is the Slave Dynasty. Delhi was made the capital. • During this period, Ghingis Khan and the Monguls invaded. India united to defended itself.

  17. Jewel in the Crown - India History…The tour continues • The Second Classic Age began around 1525 AD. It is called the Mughal Period. Literature, technology, culture, music, mathematics, astronomy and medicine flourished. • This period also introduced the philosophy of Sulh-i-kul – peace to all. • The leaders were generally Afghans, Turks or Iranians, but they were Indians first.

  18. Jewel in the Crown - India History…The tour continues • This period also introduced a system of Indian justice where all Indians were considered equals in law. • About 1600 AD, the East Indian Company became established…and British colonialism began.

  19. Jewel in the Crown - India Colonialism – A British Colony Goods, Resources and Profits • In the 17th Century, trade…and political relationships (i.e., rule)…were controlled by English merchants of the East India Company. • Control was often gained by bloody conflict, annexation, outlawing customs (e.g., Sati – widow burning), political manipulation, taxation and armed threats. • For a period of about 200 years, the East India Company controlled much of India.

  20. Jewel in the Crown - India Colonialism…2 Rebellion of 1857-1858 (Indian Mutiny) • Indian aristocracy feared loss of caste system and their power base. • Other Indians feared forced-Christianity. • British hiring practices were discriminatory. Disposed Indian nobility…and their unemployed armies…wanted revenge. • The wealth of India was being transferred to England, while the common Indian was heavily taxed. • Indian peasants were forced from their land. • The Indian sepoys (trained soldiers from the East India Company army) became disenchanted by British authority.

  21. Jewel in the Crown - India Colonialism…3 • The most documented event was the Siege of Cawnpore. • Indians surrounded a British settlement. The British negotiated a settlement, but as they moved to retreat, they were attacked. • All the British occupants…men, women and children…were shot, hanged or hacked to death. Cawnpore became the rallying cry for British army. • By 1858, India was ruled directly by the British crown.

  22. Jewel in the Crown - India Colonialism – A British Colony Why colonize India? • Industrial Revolution - Raw materials were needed to fuel the machines of industrialization. As well, the colonies represented potential markets for the finished products • Nationalism – Increased status as a world power • “White Man’s Burden” – Duty of whites as supreme beings to enhance and improve the lives of the inferior beings. • Religion – Spread the faith of the superior religion. • Revenge – Cawnpore…

  23. Jewel in the Crown - India British Rule • The British partitioned India into two provinces, and sought to develop a class of educated elites to manage affairs. • The battle for rights and nonacceptance of foreign occupation continued. • In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was introduced. It gave the British authorities emergency powers to put down unrest and imprison suspected terrorists. • In the Punjab, two Indian leaders were arrested.

  24. Jewel in the Crown - India British Rule…2 • The Amristar Massacre occurred 13 April 1919. • For three days, crowds of several thousand Indians…men, women and boys…protested the imprisonment of their leaders. The protests were sometimes violent. • A large group gathered in a walled-area with only five exits. Most of the exits were locked. • Without warning or provocation, British troops under the command of Brigadier-GeneralReginald Dyer opened fire. In 10 minutes, 1600 rounds of ammunition were fired. Between 380 and 1000 people were killed. • Dyer reported he had “…confronted a revolutionary army…” and he had “…launched a moral lesson to the Punjab.” He later confessed that he did not take any steps to tend to the wounded after the firing stating, "It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there."

  25. Jewel in the Crown - India British Rule…3 • The massacre galvanized the desire for freedom from British rule, created a fiercely independent Punjab district and paved the way for Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement…a nationwide, non-violent, civil disobedience movement. • In 1920, Gandhi organized a nation-wide strike and boycott of government services. Gandhi wanted protestors to seek to be arrested, but if attacked by police, to take the blows and not strike back. • Although the idea was rejected by some political leaders, most Indians participated. • Gandhi, Nehru, Prasad and other leaders were arrested. The army took over delivery of essential services. Violence flared, secular fighting occurred and hundreds of people were killed. • Gandhi called off the strike and personally apologized for the violence.

  26. Jewel in the Crown - India British Rule…4 • To stop the fighting, Gandhi starts a fast. It last 21 days. Indians put down their weapons. • For his efforts, Gandhi is jailed for two years. • In 1927, the British began a review of constitutional reform for India, but the committee did not include any Indian leaders. The Indian National Congress rejected the “Simon Commission” and, in many regions, the committee was met with people waving black flags. • In 1930, Gandhi marched 400 kilometres to the coast to protest unfair taxation of salt. • The Committee recommended a form of provincial representative government ONCE the unrest between Hindu and Muslim ceased. In 1935, the Government of India Act established the provincial governments. In the first elections, the National Congress won most seats.

  27. Jewel in the Crown - India British Rule…5 • In 1939, the British Viceroy declared India’s entrance into WWII without consulting the provincial governments. • In protest, the Indian National Congress withdraws from the government. • In 1940, the Muslim League adopts the Lahore Resolution. It calls for division of India into two separate states: Muslim and Hindu. It is also called the Pakistan Resolution or the Two Nation Theory. • In 1942, Quit India began. Gandhi urged Indians to act as an independent people and not follow British orders. Fearing a Japanese invasion, the British jailed Gandhi. Leaderless, the campaign, once again, turned violent. • In 1946, Indian sailors in Bombay mutinied. The Royal Navy Mutiny quickly spread to other ports and other parts of the armed forces.

  28. Jewel in the Crown - India Independence On 3 June 1947, Governor-General of India Viscount Lord Louis Mountbatten announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into a secular India and a Muslim Pakistan. • At midnight, on 15 August 1947, India became an independent nation. • Violent clashed between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs over partition. • In 1948, Gandhi is assassinated by a fellow Hindu • In 1952, India held its first general elections, with a voter turnout exceeding 62% It became the world’s largest democracy.

  29. Jewel in the Crown - India Post-Independence • In 1947, India’s population was 400 million people...and the literacy rate was about 10%. • India was not one country, but regions of uniqueness. For example, India has the largest number of political parties of any democracy. • At independence, India had 19 universities. Today, there are 219 universities and affiliated colleges. Still, less than 3% of the population (24 million) have an academic education. • India has nuclear and satellite technology. • Less than 50% of houses have electricity and only 23% have sanitation.

  30. Jewel in the Crown - India Post-Independence…2 • India is the second largest English speaking country in the world. • About 5% of the population (40 million) have an annual income greater than $30 K …a figure close to the USA. • The India middle class numbers over 180 million. • There are over 69 million cellular phone users. • The manufacturing sector is growing rapidly. • India is a Tier 2 Watch due to limited actions against child labour, forced labour and sexual exploitation.

  31. Jewel in the Crown - India Green Revolution • The Indian government was forced to reform its agricultural policy in the late 1960s when an imbalance in food imports was exacerbated by two years of drought in 1965 and 1966. • The World Bank, Rockefeller Foundation, and U.S. Agency for International Development provided high-yield rice and wheat "miracle seeds." • These seeds, combined with the Indian government's assistance for modern farm machinery, price incentives and a more efficient food distribution system, resulted in what came to be known as the Green Revolution.

  32. Jewel in the Crown - India Green Revolution ...2 • The new seeds and fertilizers worked. India's food production doubled between 1965 and 1984. • Increased production eliminated the country's dependence on food grain imports. • Farmer use of chemical fertilizers jumped from 1.1 million tons to more than 12.5 million tons in the first decade of the Green Revolution. As well, irrigated land grew from 74 million acres in 1965-66 to 111 million acres in 1988-89. • …and then…the Green Revolution slowed in the 1990s. Chemical fertilizers rendered soil infertile, crop yields dropped to almost zero, and farmers who had once grew as many as 30 different crops in their fields but were now dependent upon one could not pay their debts. Three years of drought beginning in 2001 further fueled the crisis.

  33. Jewel in the Crown - India Bhopal Disaster • On 3 December 1984, Union Carbide allowed the accidental release of 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate gas…an extremely toxic substance. • The threshold limit is 0.02 ppm. Note: The threshold limit for lead is 5 ppm. • The plant was located in a poor residential area of Bhopal. • Methyl icocyanate is heavier than air. It travels along the ground. The chemical was used in pesticide production. It is a cheap alternative to more expensive reactants. • The plant was losing money. Cost cutting measures were introduced (e.g., instrument readings were cut by 50%).

  34. Jewel in the Crown - India Bhopal Disaster…2 • No safety or emergency plans were developed. • Over 500,000 people were exposed. • Union Carbide claimed only 3,800 people died due to the leak. As well, 40 people were permanently injured and 2,800 have partial disabilities. • The International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal suggests 20,000 people have died and over 490,000 have suffered disabilities (22,000 permanent injuries). • It is suspected that hydrogen cyanide was also released in the accident. • In 2004, the site is still contaminated.

  35. Jewel in the Crown - India • The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to determine and indicate whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. The index provides a measure between 0 – 1. • On the HDI scale, India’s 2004 ranking is 0.611. That is a medium score. It is higher than nearby Bangladesh but less than China.

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