Presentation Transcript

1. Goal #2 Expansion
2. How did the forces of expansion impact the nation 1801-1850?
3. Expansion is……
4. Process of enlargement Process of increasing, or increasing something in size, extent, scope, or number Growth by land acquisition: the increase of a country’s size by the acquisition of new territory
5. Reasons for Westward migration
6. 1800 387,000 white settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains 1820, 2.4 million Settlers migrated West for: Religious freedom An opportunity to own land
7. John L. O’Sullivan/Manifest Destiny
8. 1845, John Louis O’Sullivan, magazine editor coined the term Manifest Destiny God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle western land
9. Squatter
10. First to arrive in the West took the fertile land on rich river bottom and fertile woodlands Squatters settled land they did not own The government wanted to survey the land and then sell off large parcels to real estate companies Squatters wanted to buy directly from the government
11. The Preemption Act of 1830
12. Under pressure Congress passed the Preemption Act in 1830 A renewable law made permanent in 1841 The law granted protection to squatters Allowed them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres for $1.25 an acre
13. Jethro Wood and John Deere
14. Early farmers used wooden plows to break the sod and roots of the Mid-West Jethro Wood patented an iron plow in 1819 John Deere developed a plow with sharp steel-edged blades in 1837 The new plows cut the labor in half required to prepare one acre for farming
15. Cyrus McCormick
16. Cyrus McCormick developed a mechanical reaper in 1834 Grain now harvested with a machine instead of by hand with a sickle or scythe The reaper was pulled by horses or mules Allowed the harvest of more grain with less effort
17. Why were the Great Plains ignored?
18. Settlers who came later went to California or Oregon Many believed the Great Plains contained poor soil unsuitable for farming Called the “Great Desert”
19. The Division of Oregon
20. Other nations, Native Americans, and the United States claimed parts of Oregon and California In Oregon the United States and Great Britain competed for ownership An agreement in 1818 resulted in both jointly occupying Oregon and to settle the dispute at a later date
21. The impact of missionaries on Oregon
22. Late 1830s American missionaries went to Oregon to convert Native Americans The missionaries spread the word about Oregon, wrote letters sent back East about the beauty of the territory The missionaries had a great influence on the migration of easterners to the Willamette Valley
23. Efforts by Mexico to populate California
24. 1821, Mexico gains independence from Spain Mexico controlled a large geographic area, including California California far from the center of government in Mexico City Local California government encouraged foreign settlement, could not attract emigrants from Mexico
25. 1839, to attract more settlers Governor Alvarado granted 50,000 acres to a German immigrant, John Sutter Sutter built a trading post and cattle ranch Sutter’s Fort the first stopping point for Americans when they reached California 1845, 200 plus Americans settled in California
26. Trails West
27. The trails west started in the East and were very dangerous The first trailblazers were “mountain men”, Kit Carson and Jim Bridger who trapped beaver in the Rocky Mountains, had knowledge of the territory and the Native Americans 1840s, the mountain men found or created several passages through the mountains that would play and important role in the settlement of the west
28. The most popular routes The Oregon Trail The California Trail The Santa Fe Trail The Mormon Trail
29. Wagon Trains
30. The journey West made in covered wagons Prior to the start of the journey, the wagon trains assembled at staging areas outside of frontier towns Families traded information about the routes, bought supplies, trained oxen, and learned how to handle the wagons that were prone to roll over
31. First wagon trains hired mountain men as guides After the trails were well worn, overlanders used guide books written by earlier migrants On occasion the information in the books were incorrect 1846 Donner Party was trapped in the Sierra Nevada Mountains due to snow
32. 41 died of starvation Some that survived resorted to cannibalism The trip West took 5-6 months Covered about 15 miles a day Men drove the wagons, hunted game, cared for the animals at night Women tended the children, cooked, cleaned and washed clothes
33. Migrating Settlers and Native Americans
34. Early settlers feared Indian attack Encounters with Native Americans rare Between 1840-1860, 362 emigrants died at the hands of Native Americans and emigrants killed 426 Native Americans Native Americans often provided emigrants with food, information about routes, edible plants , and water sources
35. Native Americans traded fresh horses for cotton clothing and ammunition
36. Migration as a threat to Native Americans
37. More settlers cross the Great Plains, Native Americans saw immigration as a threat to their way of life The Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other tribes depended on the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and tools Native Americans afraid the flow of settlers across hunting grounds would disrupt the migration patterns of the buffalo herds
38. The Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851
39. In order to bring peace in the West the government negotiated the Treaty of Ft. Laramie Eight Native American tribes agreed to specific geographic boundaries The government of the United States promised that these territories would belong to the Native Americans permanently
40. The Mormon Migration
41. The Mormons headed West to escape religious persecution In effect they left the United States 1844, after the murder of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led his people West Several thousand Mormons forged a path, became known as the Mormon Trail, a valuable trail West
42. 1847, the Mormons stopped at the Great Salt Lake in present day Utah Young declared this was where the Mormons would build a new settlement In the wilderness the Mormons staked a claim on the land they called Desert
43. Opening Texas to Americans
44. July 1821, Stephen Austin leaves Louisiana for Texas The Spanish government promised a large tract of land to Moses Austin if he brought 300 American families Moses Austin died before he reached Texas Texas, part of the Spanish Empire Mexican Independence in 1821, Texas under Mexican control
45. Tejanos, Spanish speaking inhabitants lived in settlements of San Antonio de Bexar and Hidalgo in Southern Texas Few lived north of the settlements Northern region inhabited by the Apache, Comanche and other Native American tribes In order to settle the area, Mexico invited Americans and other foreigners to settle areas near the Native Americans
46. National Colonization Act
47. 1823-1825, Mexico passed three colonization laws Offered cheap land A 10 year exemption from paying taxes Had to become Mexican citizens Live under Mexican law Convert to Catholicism Some Americans went to Texas on their own
48. Most came due to efforts by empresarios(agents or contractors) The National Colonization Act granted 26 empresarios large land grants in Texas Had to fill land with specific number of settlers Plots of land were assigned to each family Empresarios governed the colonies they established
49. Stephen Austin founded Washington on the Brazos in mid 1830s Austin convinced 1,500 American families to immigrate to Texas
50. Americanizing Texas
51. American immigrants accepted Mexican citizenship Did not accept Mexican customs nor see Mexico as their own country Spanish Catholic Church was strange to them Most did not attempt to learn Spanish Mexicans did not trust American immigrants because of their lifestyle and dismissal of Mexican ways
52. The Mexican response to Benjamin Edwards revolt
53. 1826, empresario Haden Edwards’ brother Benjamin Edwards led a rebellion against the Mexican authority Disagreement over who controlled the area, the empresiaro or the Mexican government Edwards declared the American settlements in Texas made up the independent nation of Fredonia
54. The revolt had little support Stephen Austin led troops that allowed Mexico to put down the revolt Few settlers answered the call for revolt Mexican government was afraid the revolt signaled an American plot to take Texas 1830, Mexico banned immigration of Americans
55. Banned the importation of slave labor Mexico taxed imported goods, to discourage trade with the United States New laws angered settlers No immigration, settlements could not grow Import tax, goods cost more that were purchased from the United States The Mexican government was telling the settlers what they could or could not do
56. The settlers saw no need to follow directives from a government they did not accept as their own
57. Texan Requests
58. Settlers met at two conventions in the town of San Felipe in 1832 and 1833 S. Austin chosen as president of the first convention, asked Mexico to reopen Texas to American immigration and loosen import taxes At the second convention, asked that Texas become a new Mexican state
59. Created a constitution for the new state Sent Austin to Mexico City to talk with the Mexican government Fall of 1833 the talks stop Austin sent a letter to the Tejano leaders in San Antonio, suggesting the peaceful formation of their own state The Mexican authorities intercepted the letter
60. Austin did talk with President Santa Anna, did agree to lift ban on immigration Jan. 3, 1833, Austin arrested on his return trip home for treason Held in Mexico City without trial until released in 1835
61. Santa Anna
62. April 1834, Santa Anna denounced the Mexican Constitution Set himself up as dictator Sept. 1835 Austin realized war was the only option Urged Texans to organize an army
63. Problems for the Mexican Army
64. The Texan army faced a Mexican army with many problems Political instability in Mexico City led to: Poor military leadership Poor training Poor support
65. Battle of Gonzales
66. First Texan victory was at Gonzales 75 miles east of San Antonio Mexican soldiers ordered Texans to surrender their arms Texans pointed a cannon at the Mexicans and told them to come and take them No orders to attack, Mexicans retreat to San Antonio
67. 350 Texans followed Drove a larger Mexican force out of San Antonio in December 1835
68. Sam Houston
69. Texans had their own problems Few with military training No agreement on leadership Sam Houston took command Santa Anna had a force of 6,000 troops to put down the rebellion
70. The Alamo
71. Santa Anna’s forces found 180 rebels in an abandoned Spanish mission in San Antonio (the Alamo) Feb. 1836 Texans commanded by William B. Travis The Texans were to slow Santa Anna so that Houston could prepare his forces Travis sent a call for reinforcements, on 32 settlers from Gonzales made it to the Alamo
72. Low on ammunition and gun powder The Texans held off Santa Anna’s army for 13 days During the fighting at the Alamo the Texas government met at Washington on the Brazos and made a formal declaration of war with Mexico March 6, 1836, the Mexican troops took the Alamo
73. The Texans fought for six hours killing or wounding 600 before being overrun The defenders of the Alamo were defeated Did allow Houston two extra weeks to organize his forces
74. Goliad
75. Two weeks after the Alamo the Mexican army defeated Texan troops led by James W. Fannin at Goliad Fannin and his men surrendered Santa Anna ordered them executed Dawn March 27, 1836 300 Texans executed by firing squad Losses at the Alamo and Goliad hurt the Texans but united them behind their new country
76. The Battle of San Jacinto
77. The Battle of San Jacinto was the turning point of the war Texan army in bad shape, needed new recruits and training Houston retreated , headed to Louisiana Waited for Santa Anna to make a mistake April 21, 1836, both armies camped along the San Jacinto River
78. Santa Anna held little fear of the Texans, let his troops sleep in the afternoon Houston’s men convinced him to attack Used a hill to hide their movements, the Texans crept up on the sleeping Mexican army Surprise attack threw the Mexican army into a panic The battle lasted 20 minutes, the killing lasted for hours
79. Calls of Remember the Alamo and Remember Goliad, the Texans attacked with guns, knives, and clubs Killed hundreds and took 700 prisoner Texans had 9 killed and 34 wounded Captured Santa Anna Houston forced Santa Anna to order his army back to Mexico and recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas
80. The Mexican Congress would not accept the treaty No more military actions in Texas
81. The Republic of Texas
82. September, 1836 Texas held it’s first election Sam Houston the first president Also voted for annexation by the United States
83. US response to the request to annex Texas
84. Northern members of Congress opposed to admitting Texas as a slave state President Jackson did not want to inflame tensions between the North and the South Did not want war with Mexico, which still claimed Texas Jackson made no move to annex Jackson on his last day in office did sign a resolution officially recognizing Texas as an independent nation
85. Causes of the War with Mexico
86. War with Mexico was inevitable, as far back as 1803 there had been territorial disputes with Mexico/Spain The US claimed part of Texas in the Louisiana Purchase US gave up that claim in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 Manifest Destiny and acquiring Mexican Territory had strong support
87. President Tyler and annexation
88. Tension between the US and Mexico increased under the administration of Tyler Tyler wanted to bring Texas into the Union Texas, large population of southern white slaveholders Texas would become a slave state Antislavery leaders in Congress opposed annexation
89. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas, considered it Mexican Territory 1844, Tyler brought annexation to the Senate Sec. of State John C. Calhoun had written a letter defending slavery that was among the annexation documents Northerners in the Senate used the letter to support the claim that annexation was a proslavery plot, vote of 35-16 the Senate rejected annexation
90. Election of 1844
91. Early leaders in the race for the presidency Whig Henry Clay, Democrat Martin Van Buren Both asked position on annexation, both declined to take a position in fear of losing support Van Buren lost the nomination for the Democrats to James K. Polk Polk promised to annex Texas and the Oregon Territory
92. Also to buy California from Mexico This promise appealed to northerners and southerners Expand the nation and keep the balanced between free and slave states Polk’s stand made Clay reverse his statement against annexation, now supported annexation if done without war with Mexico
93. Clay angered anti-slave Whigs who supported the Liberty Party, abolitionist third party Spilt the Whig vote, Polk won
94. 54-40 or Fight
95. Polk took a strong stand on Oregon British had claims in Oregon According to Polk “the US has a clear and unquestionable right to it” Polk supporters, 54-40 or fight, wanted all of Oregon to the line 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude June 1846, Great Britain and US agree to a division, US got all land south of 49 degrees north latitude except for the southern tip of Vancouver Island
96. Annexation of Texas
97. Tyler pushed an annexation resolution through Congress before Polk took office Feb., 1845- Texas a state The resolution needed only a simple majority of both houses of Congress instead of a 2/3rds majority in the Senate to ratify a treaty Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the US
98. More problems over the border between Mexico and Texas Mexico claimed the border was the Nueces River Texans and the US claimed the border was the Rio Grande River- 150 miles further west and south More territory than the Mexican claim
99. John Slidell
100. Polk’s interest in California made the situation worse Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to purchase the California Territory Mexican President Jose’ Herrera would not meet with Slidell
101. Polk starts the war
102. By not meeting with Slidell it appeared there was no way to resolve the disagreement peacefully Polk ordered Zachery Taylor to take troops across the Nueces River Mexico saw action as an invasion Polk wanted Mexico to fire the first shots He then could claim Mexico the aggressor and get popular support for the war
103. May 9, 1846 Polk learned a Mexican force had attacked Taylor’s men Polk addressed Congress, declared the US was at war with Mexico, by an act of Mexico itself To get public support, claimed American blood shed on American soil Whigs opposed the war, saw it as way to extend slavery
104. Most politicians did not like Polk’s actions, but saw the US was committed to war May 13, 1846, Senate vote 40-2, House vote 174-14 in favor of war
105. US military strategy
106. 1. Taylor would continue to move to the south, crossing the Rio Grande near the Gulf of Mexico 2. a force would be sent to the northwest to capture Santa Fe, trading center, then march to take California, aided by US navy 3. forces would advance to Mexico City and force a surrender
107. For the plan to work needed larger army Congress gave Polk the authority to call for 50,000 volunteers, about 73,000 volunteered Undisciplined, unruly, not the best soliders
108. Taylor and the War
109. Early May 1846, before Polk signed declaration of war, Taylor defeated Mexican forces at: Palo Alto Resaca de la Palma Moved south, defeated the Mexicans at Matamoros Late September, 1846, Taylor had advanced 200 miles from the Gulf of Mexico and captured Monterrey
110. Kearny and the War
111. Colonel Steven W. Kearny and his troops left Ft. Leavenworth, west of Missouri headed for Santa Fe Long hard march Arrived in Santa Fe to find Mexican forces had left the city Santa Fe secure, small force pushed on to California
112. Bear Flag Republic
113. Before Kearny and his forces reached California and war officially declared settlers in Northern California led by John C. Fremont revolted Mexican presence in the territory never very great, settlers little difficulty overcoming it June, 14, 1846 they declared California independent
114. Named it the Bear Flag Republic Shortly the Bear Flag Republic ended when US naval forces occupied San Francisco and San Diego Took possession of California for the US
115. Winfield Scott and the War
116. War was going as Polk planned To end war needed to take Mexico City Sent soldiers by ship to Vera Cruz, march west take the city Replaced Taylor with General Winfield Scott Afraid Taylor would challenge Polk in 1848 election By September 14, 1846 Scott captured Mexico City
117. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo After the fall of Mexico City the Mexican leaders no choice but to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848 Mexico ceded the US 500,000 square miles of territory: California Utah Nevada Parts of Colorado and Wyoming The Rio Grande was established as the southern border of Texas
118. US paid Mexico $15 million and took over $3.25 million in debts from the Mexican government owed US citizens Oregon and former Mexican territories under US control Manifest Destiny complete US stretched from ocean to ocean New ports on the west coast opened the US to Pacific and Asian nations
119. Which new lands allow slavery and which would not would lead the US into another conflict Soldiers like Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant would gain experience in the War with Mexico and use it against other Americans
120. 49ners
121. Gold discovered January 24, 1848 by James W. Marshall at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California The US got gold fever Population of California exploded in 1849 with an influx of miners (49ners)
122. Wilmot Proviso
123. An amendment to a military spending bill by Representative David Wilmot The amendment stated that there would be no slavery in any area acquired from the Mexican Cession The Proviso failed to pass but did illustrate the division within Congress and the nation in regards to the expansion of slavery