Civil War 1861-1865: Strengths, Advantages & Strategies

1. The Civil War 1861 - 1865

2. Relative Strengths Northern Advantages • More $$$ (70% wealth) • Conf. $$$ worth less than 2 cents by 1865 • RR (75%, 20,000 mls. vs. 9,000) • Industry (90%) • Organized navy, army, & gov’t • Population (22 mil. vs. 9 mil) • Farmland (65%/Most mineral deposits) • (3 ½ mil slaves) • # of States (23 vs. 11) • **Anaconda Plan (W. Scott, BlockadeSouthern coast, Control MS River & split South in ½ by marching to coast after Atlanta, Capture Richmond (capital)

3. The Anaconda Plan **Union blockade ineffective for first 1 ½ years; South got supplies from EUR -Doesn’t take as many men to fight a defensive war -No fighting in the winter (Apr-Oct) -40% 21 & younger

4. Relative Strengths Southern Advantages (War of Attrition) • Area – familiar soil • Moral Reasons – defend homes & families & independence • Qualified Officers – strong military • Strategy – Defensive fighting/Quicktradition victories/Wait for North to tire/One offensive push into MD & PA to split the Union • Better Soldiers

5. Campaign for European Intervention • Foreign Aid • North • South • “Cotton is King” – BR more dependent on Northern wheat • Egyptian cotton readilyobtained • Trent Affair – Mason & Slidell (off coast of Cuba) • Capt. Wilkes removes Southern emissaries • Charles Francis Adams • “the Alabama” (Claims) – Captured over 60 Union vessels until defeated off the coast of Cherbourg • Promotes goodwill w/GB • reparations from GB • Violated internat’l law & Neutrality • Met in Geneva, Switz • U.S. was paid $15.5 mil • *Laird Rams

6. Home Front • Lincoln’s Arbitrary Power: *writ of habeas corpus” – Used in MD -Suspected secessionists jailed w/o charges or trials • Conscription (draft) • *”bounty jumpers” • hiring a substitute - $300 • South exempts 1 overseer for every 20 slaves • anti-draft riots (July, 1863) – NY; Worried about free blacks taking their jobs (117 killed) • Morrill Tariff Act (1861) – Increased tariffs • 1st income tax

7. Home Front • National Banking System – Uniform currency • “shoddy millionaires” • 13th Amendment (1865) – Ended slavery • 2/3 Cong. Majority • Freed 3 mil. slaves • **bread riot – Richmond (shortage of food & consumer goods) • **Confiscation Acts – Take “property” of those who “supported” the rebellion *contraband - Slaves Lincoln and his Cabinet

8. Miscellaneous • Napoleon III – Violates Monroe Doctrine in MX • Emp. Maximillian • Emancipation Proclamation – Effective Jan. 1, 1863, Freed slaves in rebelling states only • Clement Vallandigham – Copperhead • Banished to Confederacy • Ran for gov. of Ohio while living in Canada

9. Miscellaneous • **Arlington National Cemetery • **Jefferson Davis – Held in Ft. Monroe for 2 yrs. (70 soldiers on duty to watch) • **Civil War Tunes – • **Firsts – Repeating rifles • Draft • Electrically exploded bombs • Ironclad ships • “Taps” • Army ambulance corps

10. Battles, Leaders & Others • North named battles for water & South for towns • Sally Tompkins – Ran Richmond infirmary & awarded rank of Capt. by J. Davis • Clara Barton- “Angel of the Battlefield” • **Thaddeus Lowe- Balloonist • Air surveillance • Most shot at man in the war • Bull Run – Manassas Junction • Union forces routed • Stonewall Jackson • “Picnickers” Prof. Lowe ascending in the Intrepid to observe the Battle of Fair Oaks

11. Battles, Leaders & Others Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton (left) • Stonewall Jackson – diedat Chancellorsville • left arm amputated & then pneumonia • Lee: “Jackson has lost his left arm & I have lost my right.” **Matthew Brady – Photographer • Pinkerton’s – Detective agency • Robert E. Lee

12. Battles, Leaders & Others • Monitor v. Merrimac – VA, 4 hrs. • Merrimac now called the Virginia • Antietam – “Bloodiest day” • Sharpsburg • Sept. 1862 • 12 hrs.  24,000 died • Plans found around cigar • 54th Massachusetts – Black unit, 16 get Medal of Honor • 50% casualties • After war many go west &Indians call them “buffalo soldiers” • Blacks accounted for 10% of Union army • Ft. Pillow – Those who surrendered were massacred • Burnsides – Pontoon bridges, Lost at Fredericksburg • Hooker – Badly beaten at Chancellorsville

13. Battles, Leaders & Others

14. Battles, Leaders & Others • Gettysburg – Meade defeats Lee in 1863 • Turning pt. • Lee’s 17 ml. ambulance train • Jenny Wade • Needed 40,000 pair of shoes • 2% of pop. died in this conflict; today that would be 5 ½ mil (2002) • Grant – At Cold Harbor Union soldiers pinned papers on themselves with their names & addresses • 7000 died in a few hours • After Lincoln’s assassination, the North wanted to change the surrender terms & Grant threatened to resign unless the terms were honored (this was w/Lee)

15. Gettysburg The only known photo of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg (seated, center), taken about noon, just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours before he spoke.

16. Battles, Leaders & Others • Farragut – “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” • Vicksburg – Gives control of MS River to North • 7 wk. siege • Sherman – Command to march thru & make “Georgia howl” • “Total war” – destroys rr tracks, burns fields, & destroys everything useful (food crops, etc.) • Hampton Roads – Stephens (VP of CSA) meets with Lincoln to end war (& slavery); Lincoln doesn’t agree • Appomattox – Grant & Lee • Grant: “Stop firing, they are our countrymen again.” Sherman's men destroying a railroad in Atlanta

17. Vicksburg

18. Appomattox Court House

19. Lincoln’s Assassination

20. Remembering Lincoln

21. Terms • *riffraff • *siege • *Copperheads