Age of Enlightenment

1. Age of Enlightenment Literature Philosophy und Musik

2. The Enlightenment • Application of the scientific method to social problems

3. Basic Premises • Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society • Human race can be educated and all people are important • Emergence of the middle class • Belief in God based on reason

4. John Locke • The forefather of our forefathers • Attacked by Charles II • Friend of Newton • Influential in American revolution

5. John Locke • Government • Second treatise of Civil Government • Chaos without government • God gave mankind natural rights • Life, liberty, pursuit of property • Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments • Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people • People have a right to rebel against tyrannies

6. Assessment Point • Our own Declaration of Independence changes the wording to “Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness”; why did it simply not directly quote from John Locke?

7. "For God having given man an understanding to direct his actions, has allowed him a freedom of will, and liberty of acting, as properly belonging thereunto, within the bounds of that law he is under." – John Locke, Two Treatises of Government OK what does this mean? In your words.

8. "Wherever therefore any number of men are so united into one society, as to quit every one his executive power of the law of nature, and to resign it to the public, there and there only is a political, or civil society... For hereby he authorizes the society, or which is all one, the legislative thereof to make laws for him as the public good of the society shall require;... And this puts men out of a state of nature into that of a commonwealth." – John Locke, Two Treatises of Government What type of democracy is this and why?

9. "A child is free by his father's title, by his father's understanding, which is to govern him, till he hath it of his own… To turn him loose to an unrestrained liberty, before he has reason to guide him, is not allowing him the privilege of his nature, to be free; but to thrust him out amongst brutes, and abandon him to a state as wretched, and as much beneath that of a man, as theirs... God hath made it their [parents'] business to employ this care on their offspring, and hath placed in them suitable inclinations of tenderness and concern to temper this power, to apply it as his wisdom designed it, to the children's good, as long as they should need to be under it.“ John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

10. John Locke • Theory of Knowledge • Essay Concerning Human Understanding • Reasoning puts man above animals • Rejected concept that ideas are innate • Tabula rasa • Outer ideas from experience • Inner ideas from contemplation • Mankind can attain all knowledge Consequently what is he saying our representatives should have before being elected?

11. "The English people believe itself to be free; it is gravely mistaken; it is only free during election of members of parliament; as soon as members are elected, the people are enslaved; it is nothing. In the brief moment of its freedom, the English people makes such a use of that freedom that it deserves to lose it." – Rousseau

12. Break point • Discuss in your groups the list of ten rights you feel entitled to and be prepared to share a collective ten. You have ten minutes

13. "Absolute arbitrary power, or governing without settled standing laws, can neither of them consist with the ends of society and government, which men would not quit the freedom of the state of nature for, and tie themselves up under, were it not to preserve their lives, liberties and fortunes; and by stated rules of right and property to secure their peace and quiet." – John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

14. Philosophe • French name for philosopher • Enlightenment reached height in France

15. Voltaire • Pen name • Critical of Catholic church • Influenced others by letters • Denied writings to avoid problems • Exiled to England for a while • Returned to live on Swiss border • Candide • Led by Pangloss ("All Talk") who believed that all is right in God's world • Lisbon earthquake and fatalism (drowning) • "Let us all tend our garden"

16. “The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than a monster.” • Voltaire

17. “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” • Voltaire Which of our amendments is he talking about and why?

18. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Contest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?" • No! • As civilizations progress, they move away from morality • Examples: Romans, Greeks, Egyptians • Civilization itself leads away from true fundamentals • Technology and art give false desires • Social Contract • “Noble Savage” (Forbidden Planet)

19. Assessment Point • Rousseau describes man as a ‘Noble Savage’; what do you perceive that to mean and how does it apply in modern society? Give me some examples of noble and yet ‘savage’ behavior.

20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Influence on French and American revolutions • "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" • Invest all rights and liberties into a society • Compare to a corporation

21. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” • Rousseau

22. Summary of Rousseau's Teachings

23. Montesquieu on Government • Spirit of Laws 1748 • Purpose of Govt: • Maintain Laws • Keep political liberty • Preserve the property of the individual Separation Of Powers

24. Summary (You need to know this) • Locke • Chaos without government • God gave mankind natural rights • Life, liberty, pursuit of property • Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments • People have a right to rebel against tyrannies • Voltaire • Led by Pangloss ("All Talk") who believed that all is right in God's world • Lisbon earthquake and fatalism (drowning) • "Let us all tend our garden"

25. Summary • Rousseau • Social Contract • “Noble Savage” (Forbidden Planet) • Montesquieu • Spirit of Laws 1748 • Purpose of Govt: • Maintain Laws • Keep political liberty • Preserve the property of the individual

26. Summary Question • Answer the LEQ using the last chart, what are unalienable rights and the influence of Philosophers?